{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:41:50Z","timestamp":1791160910431,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]],"date-time":"2004-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harmful Algae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,24]],"date-time":"2003-10-24T20:58:07Z","timestamp":1067029087000},"page":"99-115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":311,"title":["Literature review of Florida red tide: implications for human health effects"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Kirkpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lora E.","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominick","family":"Squicciarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorrie C.","family":"Backer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung Sung","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Zaias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Bossart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Baden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB1","unstructured":"Abraham, W.M., Baden, D.G., 2001. Mechanisms of red tide-induced bronchial responses. Int. Soc. Exposure Anal. 126."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.64.8.807","article-title":"Red tide: a recurrent health hazard","volume":"64","author":"Ahles","year":"1974","journal-title":"Public Health Briefs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.2530080203","article-title":"Issues in fishery products safety in the US","volume":"8","author":"Ahmed","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Toxins Water Quality"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0894-62","article-title":"Red tides","volume":"271","author":"Anderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, D.M., Galloway, S.B., Joseph, J.D., 1993. Marine biotoxins and harmful algae: a national plan. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, WHOI 93-02, Woods Hole, MA.","DOI":"10.1575\/1912\/614"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, D.M., Hoagland, P., Kauru, Y., White, A.W., 2000. Estimated annual economic impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the US. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA.","DOI":"10.1575\/1912\/96"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(93)90026-8","article-title":"Brevetoxin depresses synaptic transmission in guinea pig hippocampal slices","volume":"31","author":"Apland","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(82)90116-6","article-title":"Effects of the toxin of red tide, Ptychodiscus brevis, on canine tracheal smooth muscle: a possible new asthma triggering mechanism","volume":"69","author":"Asai","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(84)90454-8","article-title":"Site of action of Ptychodiscus brevis toxin within parasympathetic axonal sodium channel h gate in airway smooth muscle","volume":"73","author":"Asai","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Backer, L.C., Fleming, L.E., Rowan, A., Cheng, Y.-S., Benson, J., Pierce, R., Zaias, J., Bean, J., Bossart, G., Baden, D.G., 2003. Recreational exposure to aerosolized brevetoxins during Florida red tide events, submitted for publication.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9883(03)00005-2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)60824-4","article-title":"Marine food-borne dinoflagellate toxins","volume":"82","author":"Baden","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.3.7.2565840","article-title":"Brevetoxins: unique polyether dinoflagellate toxins","volume":"3","author":"Baden","year":"1989","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(82)90009-5","article-title":"Toxicity of two toxins from the Florida red tide marine dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve","volume":"20","author":"Baden","year":"1982","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baden, D.G., Trainer, V.L., 1993. The mode and action of toxins and seafood poisoning. In: Falconer, I.R. (Ed.), Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 49\u201374.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-091811-2.50008-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(82)90081-2","article-title":"Bronchoconstriction caused by Florida red tide toxins","volume":"20","author":"Baden","year":"1982","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB16","unstructured":"Baden, D., Fleming, L.E., Bean, J.A., 1995. Marine toxins. In: DeWolf, F.A. (Ed.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology: Intoxications of the Nervous System. Part H. Natural Toxins and Drugs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 141\u2013175."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/009841099157656","article-title":"Uptake, tissue distribution, and excretion of PBTx-3 administered to rats by intratracheal instillation","volume":"56","author":"Benson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Toxins Environ. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/00139307509435848","article-title":"Field studies on ozone inactivation of G. breve toxin","volume":"9","author":"Blogoslawski","year":"1975","journal-title":"Environ. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB19","unstructured":"Blythe, D.G., Hack, E., Washington, G., Fleming, L.E., 2001. In: Dekker, M. (Ed.), The Medical Management of Seafood Poisoning. Seafood and Environmental Toxins, Stanfield, pp. 311\u2013319."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1980.tb07930.x","article-title":"Central respiratory and circulatory effect of Gymnodinium breve toxin in anaesthetized cats","volume":"70","author":"Borison","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(85)90036-4","article-title":"Neurological analysis of respiratory, cardiovascular and neuromuscular effects of brevetoxin in cats","volume":"23","author":"Borison","year":"1985","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339802600214","article-title":"Brevetoxicosis in manatees (Tnchechus manatus latirostris) from the 1996 epizootic: gross, histopathologic and immunocytochemical features","volume":"26","author":"Bossart","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxins Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(93)90214-4","article-title":"Distribution and elimination of ingested PBTx-3 in rats","volume":"31","author":"Cattet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB24","first-page":"4","article-title":"Occurrence of Gymnodinium, a toxic dinoflagellate species off Wairarapa. NIWA news forum","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB25","unstructured":"Cheng, Y.S., Villareal, T.A., Zhou, Y., Gao, J., Pierce, R.H., Wetzel, D., Naar, J., Baden, D.G. Characterization of red tide aerosol on the Texas coast. Harmful Algae, submitted for publication."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB26","first-page":"343","article-title":"Mareas rojas en Mexico: una revision","volume":"37","author":"Cortes-Altamirano","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Latin Am. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1971)100<112:OOTBMD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Occurrence of toxic bivalve mollusks during a G. breve \u201cred tide\u201d","volume":"100","author":"Cummins","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB28","first-page":"485","article-title":"Managing marine hazards","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Phys. Assist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB29","first-page":"35","article-title":"Dinoflagellate benthic cysts and red tides","volume":"23","author":"De M Sampayo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Publ. Espec. Inst. Exp. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB30","first-page":"103","article-title":"Diseases from fish and shellfish ingestion","volume":"24","author":"Dembert","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7189(199907\/08)7:4<157::AID-NT52>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Monitoring brevetoxins during a G. breve red tide: comparison of a sodium channel specific cytotoxicity assay and mouse bioassay for determination of neurotoxic shellfish toxins in shellfish extracts","volume":"7","author":"Dickey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.149.8.1735","article-title":"Infectious and toxic syndromes form fish and shellfish consumption. A review","volume":"149","author":"Eastaugh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(85)90030-3","article-title":"Introduction to symposium: brevetoxins","volume":"23","author":"Ellis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB34","unstructured":"Epstein, P.R., 1998. Marine ecosystems: emerging diseases as indicators of change. Health Ecological and Economic Dimensions of Global Change, Harvard University, Boston, MA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB35","unstructured":"Epstein, P.R., Ford, T.E., Colwell, R.R., 1994. Marine ecosystems. In: Epstein, P., Sharp, D. (Eds.), Health and Climate Change. Lancet, London, pp. 14\u201317."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1997.2264","article-title":"A cell based assay for brevetoxins, saxitoxins and ciguatoxins using a stably expressed c-fos-luciferase reporter gene","volume":"251","author":"Fairey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB37","unstructured":"Fleming, L.E., Baden, D.G., 1988. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning: public health and human health effects. White Paper for the Proceedings of the Texas Conference on Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning. In: Proceedings of the Texas NSP Conference, Corpus Christi, TX, pp. 27\u201334."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seafood poisonings","volume":"2","author":"Fleming","year":"1998","journal-title":"Travel Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB39","unstructured":"Fleming, L.E., Bean, J.A., Baden, D.G., 1995. Epidemiology of toxic marine phytoplankton. In: Hallegraeff, G.M., Anderson, D.M., Cembella, A.D. (Eds.), UNESCO-IOC Manual on Harmful Marine Phytoplankton, vol. 33. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 475\u2013488."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Marine toxin diseases: ciguatera poisoning","volume":"1","author":"Fleming","year":"1997","journal-title":"Travel Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB41","unstructured":"Fleming, L.E., Baden, D.G., Bean, J.A., Weisman, R., Blythe, D.G., 1998. Seafood toxin diseases: issues in epidemiology and community outreach. In: Reguera, B., Blanco, J., Fernandez, M.K., Wyatt, T. (Eds.), Harmful Algae. Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, pp. 245\u2212248."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming, L.E., Easom, J., Steidinger, K., Baden, D., 1999. Video conference: Florida harmful algal blooms (HABs): human health effects. Funded by CDC and Florida Department of Health, Miami, FL (video, powerpoint presentation, hardcopy of powerpoint presentation with notes).","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339902700511"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB43","unstructured":"Fleming, L.E., Bean, J.A., Katz, D., Hammond, R., 2001. In: Dekker, M. (Ed.), The Medical Management of Seafood Poisoning. Seafood and Environmental Toxins, Stanfield, pp. 311\u2013319."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB44","first-page":"1637","article-title":"Detoxifying Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) of the neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) produced by G. breve","volume":"17","author":"Fletcher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Shellfish Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-13.2.160","article-title":"An epizootic of waterfowl associated with a red tide episode in Florida","volume":"13","author":"Forrester","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(89)90015-9","article-title":"Respiratory effects of brevetoxin and saxitoxin in awake guinea pigs","volume":"27","author":"Franz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1980.tb07023.x","article-title":"Effect of G. breve toxin in the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation","volume":"69","author":"Gallagher","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garthwaite, I., Ross, K.M., Poli, M., Towers, N.R., 1996. Comparison of immunoassay, cellular, and classical mouse bioassay methods for detection of neurotoxic shellfish toxins. In: Beier, R.C., Stanker, L.H. (Eds.), ACS Symposium Series 621: Immunoassays for Residue Analysis: Food Safety. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 404\u2013412.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1996-0621.ch032"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geraci, J.R., 1989. Clinical investigations of the 1987\u20131988 mass mortality of bottlenose dolphins along the US central and south Atlantic coast. In: Final Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service, US Navy College of Naval Research and Marine Mammal Commission. Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, pp. 1\u201363.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.1988.795025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB50","unstructured":"Halstead, B.W., 1988. Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World. Darwin Press, Princeton."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB51","unstructured":"Hannah, D.J., Trill, D.G., Truman, P., 1996. Phycotoxins\u2014a review of chemical and biological methods of analysis. In: Proceedings of the NZMAF Marine Biotoxin, Workshop No. 5. New Zealand MAF Regulation Authority, Wellington, NZ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB52","first-page":"441","article-title":"Water related disease in Florida: continuing threats require vigilance","volume":"84","author":"Hopkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Florida Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB53","first-page":"611","article-title":"Red tides in False Bay (1959\u20131989) with particular reference to recent blooms of Gymnodinium spp","volume":"47","author":"Horstman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00107a010","article-title":"Online high performance liquid chromatography\u2013electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of brevetoxins in \u201cred tide\u201d algae","volume":"67","author":"Hua","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197611112952006","article-title":"Fish and shellfish poisoning","volume":"295","author":"Hughes","year":"1976","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ICRP, 1994. Human respiratory tract model for radiological Protection. Publication 66, Annals of ICRP, p. 24.","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6453(94)90018-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB57","unstructured":"International Labor Organization (ILO)\u2013United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)\u2013World Health Organization (WHO), 1984. Aquatic (marine and freshwater) biotoxins. Environmental Health Criteria, vol. 37. WHO\u2013ILO, Geneva."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(96)00076-1","article-title":"Study on neurotoxic shellfish poisoning involving the oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in New Zealand","volume":"34","author":"Ishida","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB59","first-page":"516","article-title":"Brevetoxin 3 (PBTx-3) and its derivatives modulate single tetrodotoxin sensitive sodium cells in rat sensory neurons","volume":"284","author":"Jeglitsch","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Exp. Therap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB60","unstructured":"Jessup, D.A., Ames, J., Bossart, G., Hill, J., Gonzales, B., DeVogelaere, A., 1998. Brevetoxin as a cause of summer mortality in common murres (Uria aalge) in California. In: Proceedings of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, San Diego, CA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(91)90174-Y","article-title":"Methods for in vitro skin absorption studies of a lipophilic toxin produced by red tide","volume":"66","author":"Kemppainen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-445X(92)90032-I","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of brevetoxin PbTx-3 in the gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, following intravenous administration","volume":"22","author":"Kennedy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aquatic Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(99)00124-5","article-title":"A neurophysiological method of rapid detection and analysis of marine algal toxins","volume":"37","author":"Kerr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0379-126","article-title":"Ion channels in the nerve cell membrane","volume":"240","author":"Keynes","year":"1979","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.1997.tb01309.x","article-title":"Neurotoxins in toxic red tide of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) in Kagoshima Bay, Japan","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aquaculture Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB66","unstructured":"Kin-Chung, H., Hodgkiss, I.J., 1991. Red tides in subtropical waters: an overview of their occurrence. Asian Marine Biol. 5\u201323."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB67","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick, B., Hautamaki, R., Kane, T., Henry, M., 2001. A pilot study to explore the occupational exposure to Gymnodinium breve toxin and pulmonary function. In: Hallegraeff, G.M., Bolch, C.J., Blackburn, S.I., Lewis, R.J. (Eds.), Harmful Algal Blooms 2000. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms, IOC of UNESCO, Paris, pp. 447\u2013450."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6917(95)90069-1","article-title":"Cardiovascular and respiratory changes following exposure to a synthetic toxin of Ptychodiscus brevis","volume":"293","author":"Koley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB69","unstructured":"Kreuder, C., Bossart, G.D., Elle, M., 1998. Clinicopathologic features of an epizootic in the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) along the Florida Gulf coast. In: Proceedings of the Wildlife Disease Association, Madison, WI."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gymnodinium breve in the field in the lab and in the newspaper\u2014a scientific and journalistic analysis of Florida red tides","volume":"34","author":"Kusek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Contrib. Marine Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB71","first-page":"31","article-title":"Modes of action of shellfish toxins","volume":"24","author":"Laverty","year":"1993","journal-title":"R. Soc. New Zealand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB72","unstructured":"MacLean, J.L., 1979. Indo Pacific red tides. Toxic dinoflagellate blooms. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms, Key Biscayne, FL, pp. 173\u2013178."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/78.2.521","article-title":"Detection of sodium channel toxins: directed cytotoxicity assays of purified ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, saxitoxins, and seafood extracts","volume":"78","author":"Manger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1021\/ed053p614","article-title":"Red tide, red terror, effects of red tide and related toxins","volume":"53","author":"Martin","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB75","first-page":"10","article-title":"Management of the Florida red tide revisted","volume":"61","author":"Martin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Florida Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/108201329600200102","article-title":"Seafood toxins: poisoning by bivalve consumption","volume":"2","author":"Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Sci. Tech. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1051\/jbio\/1999193030329","article-title":"Ciguatoxines et brevetoxines: dissection de leurs actions neurobiologiques","volume":"193","author":"Mattei","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Soc. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB78","first-page":"650","article-title":"Mechanism of cardiotoxicity induced by a marine toxin isolated from Ptychodiscus brevis","volume":"35","author":"Mazumder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(65)90005-X","article-title":"The occurrence of a ciguatera-like poison in oysters, clams and G. breve cultures","volume":"3","author":"McFarren","year":"1965","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB80","unstructured":"McKee, D., Fleming, L.E., Tamer, R., Weisman, R., 2000. Ciguatera fish poisoning reporting by physicians in an endemic area. In: Hallegraeff, G.M., Blackburn, S.I., Bolch, C.J., Lewis, R.J. (Eds.), Harmful Algal Blooms. IOC of UNESCO, Paris."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(91)90133-Q","article-title":"In vitro penetration of tritium labeled water and [3H]PbTx-3 (a red tide toxin) through monkey buccal mucosa and skin","volume":"55","author":"Mehta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxins Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90367-0","article-title":"Brevetoxin PbTx-2 immunology: differential epitope recognition by antibodies from two goats","volume":"32","author":"Melinek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7189(199903\/04)7:2<45::AID-NT34>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Brevetoxin B4 isolated from greenshell mussels, Perna canaliculus, the major toxin involved in NSP in New Zealand","volume":"7","author":"Morohashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.4.471","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological features of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in North Carolina","volume":"81","author":"Morris","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB85","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Paralytic shellfish poisoning: a review","volume":"171","author":"Morse","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB86","first-page":"27","article-title":"Red tide: its public health implications","volume":"60","author":"Music","year":"1973","journal-title":"Florida Med. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110179","article-title":"A competitive ELISA to detect brevetoxins from Karenia brevis (formerly Gymnodinium breve) in seawater, shellfish, and mammalian body fluid","volume":"110","author":"Naar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Env. Health Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB88","unstructured":"National Research Council (NRC), 1999. From Monsoons to Microbes. National Academy Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1990.0037","article-title":"Death on the half shell: the health hazards of eating shellfish","volume":"33","author":"Noble","year":"1990","journal-title":"Perspect. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1991.tb00563.x","article-title":"An epizootic of Florida manatees associated with dinoflagellate bloom","volume":"7","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"1991","journal-title":"Marine Mammal Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.259.18.2740","article-title":"Successful treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with intravenous mannitol","volume":"259","author":"Palafox","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039509374316","article-title":"Surveillance Programs for managing risks among naturally occurring toxicants","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Add. Contam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(86)90001-2","article-title":"Red tide (Ptychodiscus brevis) toxin aerosols: a review","volume":"24","author":"Pierce","year":"1986","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620200110","article-title":"Innovative techniques for harmful algal toxin analysis","volume":"20","author":"Pierce","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB95","unstructured":"Pierce, R., Henry, M., Boggess, S., Rule, A., 1989. Marine toxins in bubble-generated aerosol. In: Monahan, E., van Patton, P. (Eds.), The Climate and Health Implications of Bubble-Mediated Sea\u2013Air Exchange. Connecticut Sea Grant Publications, pp. 27\u201342."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB96","unstructured":"Pierce, R.H., Henry, M.S., Proffitt, L.S., Hasbrouck, P.A., 1990. Red tide toxin (brevetoxin) enrichment in marine aerosol. In: Graneli, E., Sundstron, S., Elder, L., Anderson, D.M. (Eds.), Toxic Marine Phytoplankton, pp. 397\u2013402."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00196286","article-title":"Evaluation of solid sorbents for the recovery of polyether toxins (brevetoxins) in seawater","volume":"49","author":"Pierce","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB98","unstructured":"Pierce, R.H., Henry, M.S., Blum, P., Payne, S., 2001. Gymnodinium breve toxins without cells: intra-cellular and extra-cellular toxins. In: Hallegraeff, G.M., Bolch, C.J., Blackburn, S.I., Lewis, R.J. (Eds), Harmful Algal Blooms 2000. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms. IOC of UNESCO, Paris, pp. 421\u2013424."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB99","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Laboratory procedures for detoxification of equipment and waste contaminated with brevetoxins PBTx-2 and PBTx-3","volume":"71","author":"Poli","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB100","first-page":"129","article-title":"Brevetoxins, unique activators of voltage-sensitive sodium channels bind to specific sites in rat brain synaptosomes","volume":"30","author":"Poli","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(90)90020-8","article-title":"Distribution and elimination of brevetoxin PBTx-3 in rats","volume":"28","author":"Poli","year":"1990","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poli, M.A., Templeton, C.B., Pace, J.G., Hines, H.B., 1990b. Detection, metabolism, and pathophysiology of brevetoxins. In: Hall, S., Strichartz, G. (Eds.), Marine Toxins Origin, Structure and Molecular Pharmacology. American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 418, Washington, DC, pp. 176\u2013191.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1990-0418.ch012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/78.2.538","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay for PBTx-2 type brevetoxins: epitope specificity of two anti-PbTx sera","volume":"78","author":"Poli","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(99)00191-9","article-title":"Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and brevetoxin metabolites: a case study from Florida","volume":"38","author":"Poli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB105","first-page":"909","article-title":"Brevetoxin modulates neuronal sodium channels in two cell lines derived from rat brain","volume":"20","author":"Purkerson","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(00)00119-8","article-title":"Brevetoxin derivatives that inhibit toxin activity","volume":"7","author":"Purkerson-Parker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB107","first-page":"1837","article-title":"Shellfish-borne illnesses","volume":"47","author":"Rheinstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB108","first-page":"322","article-title":"Ozone assisted depuration of red tide contaminated shellfish","volume":"16","author":"Roderick","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Shellfish Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB109","first-page":"261","article-title":"PbTx-3 on mouse liver slices: a histological study","volume":"15","author":"Rodriguez-Rodriguez","year":"1996","journal-title":"PR Health Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(84)90011-5","article-title":"Positive inotropic and toxic effects of brevetoxin B on rat and guinea pig heart","volume":"76","author":"Rogers","year":"1984","journal-title":"Toxins Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(85)90814-0","article-title":"The mechanism of Ptychodiscus brevis toxin induced rat vas deferens contraction","volume":"76","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198707000-00016","article-title":"Shellfish and fish poisoning related to the toxic dinoflagellates","volume":"80","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1987","journal-title":"S. Med. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150180216","article-title":"Analysis of brevetoxins by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and laser-induced fluorescence detection","volume":"18","author":"Shea","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(88)90889-5","article-title":"In vitro red tide toxin effects on human bronchial smooth muscle","volume":"81","author":"Shimoda","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00139-1","article-title":"An overview of the marine food poisoning in Mexico","volume":"36","author":"Sierra-Beltran","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB116","first-page":"A158","article-title":"Inhaled Florida red tide toxins induce bronchoconstriction (BC) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in sheep","volume":"157","author":"Singer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB117","unstructured":"Smayda, T.J., White, A.W., 1990. Has there been a global expansion of algal blooms? If so is there a connection with human activities? In: Granelli, E. (Ed.), Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. Elsevier, New York, pp. 516\u2013157."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB118","first-page":"147","article-title":"A re-evaluation of toxic dinoflagellate biology and ecology","volume":"2","author":"Steidinger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Prog. Phycologr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steidinger, K.A., Baden, D.G., 1984. Toxic marine dinoflagellates. In: Spector, D.L. (Ed.), Dinoflagellates. Academy Press, New York, pp. 201\u2013261.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-656520-1.50011-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/00139307209435473","article-title":"Observations on the 1971 summer red tide in Tampa Bay","volume":"3","author":"Steidinger","year":"1972","journal-title":"FL Environ. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB121","unstructured":"Steidinger, K.A., Landsberg, J.H., Tomas, C.R., Burns, J.W., 1999. Harmful Algal Booms in Florida. Florida Harmful Algal Bloom Taskforce, St. Petersburg, FL."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB122","unstructured":"Subcommittee on Laboratory Methods for Examination of Shellfish. Method for bioassay of Gymnodinium breve toxin(s), 1970. In: Recommended Procedures for the Examination of Seawater and Shellfish, fourth ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, pp. 61\u201366."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00123378","article-title":"An approach to computer aided inhibitor design: application to Cathepsin L","volume":"6","author":"Sudarsanam","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Comput. Aided Mol. Design"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.2307\/1351923","article-title":"Recruitment failure of the Bay scallop, Argopecten irradians concentricus, during the first red tide, Ptychodiscus brevis, outbreak recorded in North Carolina","volume":"13","author":"Summerson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB125","first-page":"181","article-title":"Overview of the 1993 New Zealand marine biotoxin crisis","volume":"4","author":"Temple","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nat. Toxins"},{"issue":"124","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB126","first-page":"155","article-title":"Antibody to prevent the effects of brevetoxin poisoning in conscious rats","volume":"88","author":"Templeton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gov. Rep. Announce Index"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(89)90070-6","article-title":"Prophylactic and therapeutic use of anti-brevetoxin (PbTx) antibody in conscious rats","volume":"27","author":"Templeton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(89)90155-4","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory effects of PBTx-2 in conscious tethered rats","volume":"27","author":"Templeton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1039","article-title":"Gymnodinium breve red tide blooms: initiation, transport and consequences of surface circulation","volume":"45","author":"Tester","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1991.36.5.1053","article-title":"An expatriate red tide bloom: transport, distribution and persistence","volume":"36","author":"Tester","year":"1991","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A326","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106a326","article-title":"Toxic Tides","volume":"106","author":"Tibbetts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB132","unstructured":"Tommasi, L.R., 1983. Observacoes sobre a irrittacao respiratoria human ocorrida em 1978 no litoral sul do rio grande do sul. Ciencia e Cultura. Sao Paulo: Sociedade Brasileira para o Progreso da Ciencia 35 (2), 225\u2013232."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(98)00125-8","article-title":"High affinity binding of red tide neurotoxins to marine mammal brain","volume":"46","author":"Trainer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aquatic Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB134","first-page":"988","article-title":"Photoaffinity labeling of the brevetoxin receptor on sodium channels in rat brain synaptosomes","volume":"40","author":"Trainer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB135","first-page":"431","article-title":"Effect of brevetoxin B on the neuromuscular transmission of the mouse diaphragm","volume":"90","author":"Tsai","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Formosan Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2307\/3454638","article-title":"Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects and their increased occurrence","volume":"108","author":"Van Dolah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620020407","article-title":"Development of rapid and sensitive high throughput pharmacologic assays for marine phycotoxins","volume":"2","author":"Van Dolah","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB138","unstructured":"Villareal, T.A., Brainard, M.A., McEachron, L.W., 2001. Gymnodinium breve (Dinophyceae) in the western Gulf of Mexico: resident versus advected populations as a seed stock for blooms. In: Hallegraeff, G.M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris, pp. 153\u2013156."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viviani, R., 1992. Eutrophication, marine biotoxins, human health. Sci. Total Environ. (Suppl.) 631\u2013662.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-89990-3.50056-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11597","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC000123","article-title":"Saharan dust and Florida red tides: the cyanophyte connection","volume":"106","author":"Walsh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90005-1","article-title":"Brevetoxin: tissue distribution and effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes in fish","volume":"32","author":"Washburn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-445X(95)00050-E","article-title":"Differential effects of brevetoxin and beta napthoflavone on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in striped bass","volume":"35","author":"Washburn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aquatic Toxins"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB143","first-page":"185","article-title":"Airway smooth muscle contraction induced by Ptychodiscus brevis (red tide) toxin as related to a trigger mechanism of bronchial asthma","volume":"10","author":"Watanabe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB144","first-page":"128","article-title":"The effect of respiratory exposure to red tide toxin on airway resistance in conscious guinea pigs","volume":"73","author":"Wells","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/19970505NT4","article-title":"Complex behavior of marine animal tissue extracts in the competitive binding assay of brevetoxins with rat brain synaptosomes","volume":"5","author":"Whitney","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB146","first-page":"56","article-title":"Note concerning human respiratory irritation associated with high concentrations of plankton and mass mortality of marine organisms","volume":"7","author":"Woodcock","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Marine Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005_BIB147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829608965386","article-title":"Comparisons of calculated respiratory tract deposition of particles based on the proposed NCRP model and ICRP 66 model","volume":"25","author":"Yeh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Harmful Algae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568988303000696?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568988303000696?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T04:16:33Z","timestamp":1585196193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568988303000696"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1568988303000696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hal.2003.08.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9883","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}}}