{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:19:31Z","timestamp":1791584371072,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004988","name":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004988","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005788","name":"Virginia Sea Grant, Virginia Institute of Marine Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Harmful Algae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T11:19:42Z","timestamp":1555759182000},"page":"210-221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Physical transport processes affect the origins of harmful algal blooms in estuaries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Qubin","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.04.007","article-title":"Renewal time and the impact of harmful algal blooms on the extensive mussel raft culture of the Iberian coastal upwelling system (SW Europe)","volume":"7","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Salgado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"issue":"5, part 2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1009","article-title":"Bloom dynamics of toxic Alexandrium species in the northeastern US","volume":"42","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3354\/meps025039","article-title":"Selective retention of two dinoflagellates in a well-mixed estuarine embayment: the importance of diel vertical migration and surface avoidance","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02804901","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences","volume":"25","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3354\/meps210223","article-title":"Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem","volume":"210","author":"Cloern","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-009-9142-3","article-title":"Phytoplankton functional groups in a tropical estuary: hydrological control and nutrient limitation","volume":"32","author":"Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.08.009","article-title":"Dynamics of Alexandrium fundyense blooms and shellfish toxicity in the Nauset Marsh System of Cape Cod (Massachusetts, USA)","volume":"12","author":"Crespo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.07.002","article-title":"Anthropogenic nutrients and harmful algae in coastal waters","volume":"146","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2004.07.013","article-title":"Residence time in a semi-enclosed domain from the solution of an adjoint problem","volume":"61","author":"Delhez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"5 part 2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1283","article-title":"Toward a theory of biological\u2010physical control of harmful algal bloom dynamics and impacts","volume":"42","author":"Donaghay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2016.08.011","article-title":"Water residence time in Chesapeake Bay for 1980\u20132012","volume":"164","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms2010033","article-title":"Emergence of algal blooms: the effects of short-term variability in water quality on phytoplankton abundance, diversity, and community composition in a tidal estuary","volume":"2","author":"Egerton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2009.12.002","article-title":"Bloom dynamics of Dinophysis acuta in an upwelling system: in situ growth versus transport","volume":"9","author":"Escalera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1996.00212.x","article-title":"Short-time scale development of a Gymnodinium Catenatum population in the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain)","volume":"32","author":"Ferm\u00edn","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.013","article-title":"Does biodiversity of estuarine phytoplankton depend on hydrology?","volume":"187","author":"Ferreira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps082001","article-title":"Sink or swim: accumulation of biomass at fronts","volume":"82","author":"Franks","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009622","article-title":"Hindcasts of potential harmful algal bloom transport pathways on the Pacific Northwest coast","volume":"119","author":"Giddings","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2005.54","article-title":"The role of eutrophication in the global proliferation of harmful algal blooms","volume":"18","author":"Glibert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2012.03.001","article-title":"The role of nitrogenous nutrients in the occurrence of harmful algal blooms caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides in New York estuaries (USA)","volume":"17","author":"Gobler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2017.01.008","article-title":"Molecular characterization and morphology of Cochlodinium strangulatum, the type species of Cochlodinium, and Margalefidinium gen. nov. for C. polykrikoides and allied species (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)","volume":"63","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0105","series-title":"Ecology of Harmful Algae, Ecological Studies","first-page":"413p","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-008-9035-x","article-title":"Environmental factors contributing to the development and demise of a toxic dinoflagellate (Karlodinium veneficum) bloom in a shallow, eutrophic, lagoonal estuary","volume":"31","author":"Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.08.006","article-title":"Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: a scientific consensus","volume":"8","author":"Heisler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2005.04.010","article-title":"A bi-directional river plume: the Columbia in summer","volume":"25","author":"Hickey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0125","series-title":"Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms","first-page":"409","article-title":"The effects of a Cochlodinium heterolobactum bloom on the survival and calcium uptake by larvae of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica","author":"Ho","year":"1979"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00292.x","article-title":"Mixotrophy in the phototrophic harmful alga Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophycean): prey species, the effects of prey concentration, and grazing impact","volume":"51","author":"Jeong","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Eukaryotic Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2015.06.004","article-title":"A hierarchy of conceptual models of red-tide generation: nutrition, behavior, and biological interactions","volume":"47","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08159","article-title":"Deleterious consequences of a red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides for the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa","volume":"390","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2010.55.4.1643","article-title":"Density-dependent nutritional value of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides to the copepod Acartia tonsa","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps303001","article-title":"Eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay: historical trends and ecological interactions","volume":"303","author":"Kemp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-41-6-667.1","article-title":"Regeneration from hyaline cysts of Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a red tide organism along the Korean Coast","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbh001","article-title":"Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the harmful red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef (Dinophyceae)","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.03.019","article-title":"Physical processes leading to the development of an anomalously large Cochlodinium polykrikoides bloom in the East sea\/Japan sea","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.10.015","article-title":"Harmful dinoflagellate blooms caused by Cochlodinium sp.: global expansion and ecological strategies facilitating bloom formation","volume":"14","author":"Kudela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2012.06.009","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms along the North American west coast region: History, trends, causes, and impacts","volume":"19","author":"Lewitus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/22.11.2105","article-title":"Spatial and temporal aspects of Gyrodinium galatheanum in Chesapeake Bay: distribution and mixotrophy","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3354\/meps187017","article-title":"Processes governing phytoplankton blooms in estuaries. II: the role of horizontal transport","volume":"187","author":"Lucas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.1.0381","article-title":"Why are diverse relationships observed between phytoplankton biomass and transport time","volume":"54","author":"Lucas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120308-081015","article-title":"Advances in estuarine physics","volume":"2","author":"MacCready","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2005.07.005","article-title":"Transport of surface waters from the Juan de Fuca eddy region to the Washington coast","volume":"25","author":"MacFadyen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0205","series-title":"Seasonal Distribution of Dinoflagellates in the Lower York River, Virginia. M. A","author":"Mackiernan","year":"1968"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/25.9.1131","article-title":"A mechanism for offshore initiation of harmful algal blooms in the coastal Gulf of Maine","volume":"25","author":"McGillicuddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2002.47.5.1545","article-title":"A comment on the use of flushing time, residence time, and age as transport time scales","volume":"47","author":"Monsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-011-9398-2","article-title":"Environmental and physical controls on the formation and transport of blooms of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef in the lower Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries","volume":"34","author":"Morse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2013.05.013","article-title":"Controls on the initiation and development of blooms of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef in lower Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries","volume":"28","author":"Morse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-009-9169-5","article-title":"Understanding causes and impacts of the dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, blooms in the Chesapeake Bay","volume":"32","author":"Mulholland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0235","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blooms of dinoflagellate mixotrophs in a Lower Chesapeake Bay Tributary: carbon and nitrogen uptake over diurnal, seasonal, and interannual timescales","author":"Mulholland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.10.027","article-title":"The rise of harmful cyanobacteria blooms: the potential roles of eutrophication and climate change","volume":"14","author":"O\u2019Neil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"issue":"1 part 2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0448","article-title":"Anthropogenic and climatic influences on the eutrophication of large estuarine ecosystems","volume":"51","author":"Paerl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.02.001","article-title":"Controlling harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a world experiencing anthropogenic and climatic-induced change","volume":"409","author":"Paerl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2010.02.002","article-title":"The physical oceanography of upwelling systems and the development of harmful algal blooms","volume":"85","author":"Pitcher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"1513","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1984.0002","article-title":"A modelling study of the mixing of 137Cs in the seas of the European continental shelf","volume":"310","author":"Prandle","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2017.06.037","article-title":"The contribution of local and transport processes to phytoplankton biomass variability over different timescales in the Upper James River, Virginia","volume":"196","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2014.59.4.1112","article-title":"Temperature dependence of an estuarine harmful algal bloom: resolving interannual variability in bloom dynamics using a degree\u2010day approach","volume":"59","author":"Ralston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-015-9949-z","article-title":"Temperature and residence time controls on an estuarine harmful algal bloom: modeling hydrodynamics and Alexandrium fundyense in Nauset Estuary","volume":"38","author":"Ralston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2009.08.013","article-title":"The catastrophic 2008\u20132009 red tide in the Arabian Gulf Region, with observations on the identification and phylogeny of the fish-killing dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides","volume":"9","author":"Richlen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1080\/20018091095041","article-title":"The diversity of harmful algal bloom-triggering mechanisms and the complexity of bloom initiation","volume":"7","author":"Roelke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse4040082","article-title":"Development of the hydrodynamic model for long-term simulation of water quality processes of the Tidal James River, Virginia","volume":"4","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0295","series-title":"Ed.), Toxic Marine Phytoplankton","first-page":"29","article-title":"Novel and nuisance phytoplankton blooms in the sea: evidence for a global epidemic","author":"Smayda","year":"1990"},{"issue":"5 part 2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1137","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms: their ecophysiology and general relevance to phytoplankton blooms in the sea","volume":"42","author":"Smayda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-4343(84)90014-1","article-title":"Fundamental concepts of exchange and transport time scales in a coastal sea","volume":"3","author":"Takeoka","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-009-1285-z","article-title":"Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms and clonal isolates from the northwest Atlantic coast cause rapid mortality in larvae of multiple bivalve species","volume":"156","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.10.001","article-title":"Characterization of the toxicity of Cochlodinium polykrikoides isolates from Northeast US estuaries to finfish and shellfish","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08537","article-title":"Allelopathic effects of Cochlodinium polykrikoides isolates and blooms from the estuaries of Long Island, New York, on co-occurring phytoplankton","volume":"406","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2012.08.001","article-title":"The toxic dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophyceae) produces resting cysts","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1978.23.2.0227","article-title":"Annual subsurface transport of a red tide dinoflagellate to its bloom area: water circulation patterns and organism distributions in the Chesapeake Bay","volume":"23","author":"Tyler","year":"1978","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2015.07.009","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms and climate change: learning from the past and present to forecast the future","volume":"49","author":"Wells","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"}],"container-title":["Harmful Algae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568988319300496?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568988319300496?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T20:58:46Z","timestamp":1761598726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568988319300496"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["S1568988319300496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9883","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Physical transport processes affect the origins of harmful algal blooms in estuaries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Harmful Algae","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}