{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:45:10Z","timestamp":1792802710316,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007457","name":"JPB Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007457","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Harmful Algae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T17:50:27Z","timestamp":1588096227000},"page":"101740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Examining harmful algal blooms through a disaster risk management lens: A case study of the 2015 U.S. West Coast domoic acid event"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1060-5276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia A.","family":"Ekstrom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3319-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie K.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrie","family":"Klinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.08.006","article-title":"Initial skill assessment of the California harmful algae risk mapping (C-HARM) system","volume":"59","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0010","series-title":"Environmental Pollution and Its Relation to Climate Change","first-page":"485","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms: future threats in a warmer world","author":"Backer","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0015","series-title":"Towards an Explanation and Reduction of Disaster Proneness","author":"Baird","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1890\/070181","article-title":"The importance of human dimensions research in managing harmful algal blooms","volume":"8","author":"Bauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-010-0108-y","article-title":"Integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: key challenges\u2014scales, knowledge, and norms","volume":"5","author":"Birkmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(03)00122-X","article-title":"CalCOFI: a half century of physical, chemical, and biological research in the California current System","volume":"50","author":"Bograd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part Ii Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0035","series-title":"Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager\u2019s Handbook","author":"Carter","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/08920753.2011.639865","article-title":"Cooperation of science and management for harmful algal blooms: domoic acid and the washington coast razor clam fishery","volume":"40","author":"Chadsey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Coast. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0045","first-page":"9","article-title":"Tracking the evolution of the disaster management cycle: a general system theory approach","volume":"4","author":"Coetzee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00e3mb\u00e3\u00a1 J. Disaster Risk Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2007.0028","article-title":"\u201cThey blew the levee\u201d: distrust of authorities among hurricane katrina evacuees","volume":"18","author":"Cordasco","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3152\/146155110X12838715793129","article-title":"Managing the cumulative impacts of coal mining on regional communities and environments in Australia","volume":"28","author":"Franks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Impact Assess. Proj. Apprais."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00078","article-title":"Heterogeneous perceptions of social-ecological change among small-scale fishermen in the Central Gulf of California: implications for adaptive response","volume":"6","author":"Frawley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-36-6-419.1","article-title":"The occurrence of the toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) on the West Coast of the USA, 1920\u20131996: a review","volume":"36","author":"Fryxell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2005.49","article-title":"The global, complex phenomena of harmful algal blooms","volume":"18","author":"Glibert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0075","series-title":"Social Impact Assessment of Amendment #5 to the Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management Plan: Interim Report","author":"Hall-Arber","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-32-2-79.1","article-title":"A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase","volume":"32","author":"Hallegraeff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2010.00815.x","article-title":"Ocean climate change, phytoplankton community responses, and harmful algal blooms: a formidable predictive challenge","volume":"46","author":"Hallegraeff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0090","series-title":"Ecosystem Status Report of the California Current for 2019: A Summary of Ecosystem Indicators Compiled by the California Current Integrated Ecosystem Assessment Team (CCEIA)","author":"Harvey","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0095","series-title":"Twelfth International Diatom Symposium, Developments in Hydrobiology","first-page":"197","article-title":"Toxic diatoms in Western Washington waters (U.S. West coast)","author":"Horner","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1659\/MRD-JOURNAL-D-16-00027.1","article-title":"Using social impact assessment to strengthen community resilience in sustainable rural development in mountain areas","volume":"36","author":"Imperiale","year":"2016","journal-title":"mred"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0105","series-title":"Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation","article-title":"Climate change: new dimensions in disaster risk, exposure, vulnerability, and resilience","author":"Lavell","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.05.034","article-title":"Domoic acid and human exposure risks: a review","volume":"56","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2012.06.009","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms along the North American west coast region: history, trends, causes, and impacts","volume":"19","author":"Lewitus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070023","article-title":"An unprecedented coastwide toxic algal bloom linked to anomalous ocean conditions","volume":"43","author":"McCabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606798114","article-title":"Climatic regulation of the neurotoxin domoic acid","volume":"114","author":"McKibben","year":"2017","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.09.011","article-title":"Cognitive benefits of scenario planning: its impact on biases and decision quality","volume":"80","author":"Meissner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Scenario Method: Current Developments In Theory And Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0135","first-page":"101624","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms and coastal communities: socioeconomic impacts and actions taken to cope with the 2015 U.S. West Coast domoic acid event","volume":"87","author":"Moore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"issue":"803","key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0140","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms: Identifying effective adaptive actions used in fishery-dependent communities in response to a protracted event","volume":"6","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsp100","article-title":"Insurance mechanisms to mediate economic risks in marine fisheries","volume":"66","author":"Mumford","year":"2009","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0150","series-title":"Framing the Scientific Opportunities on Harmful Algal Blooms and California Fisheries: Scientific Insights, Recommendations and Guidance for California","author":"Ocean Science Trust","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0155","series-title":"Final Rules Adopted for Dungeness Crab and Biotoxins","author":"ODOA","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0160","series-title":"Communicating Risks to the Public: International Perspectives, Technology, Risk, and Society","first-page":"175","article-title":"Credibility and trust in risk communication","author":"Renn","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2018.09.002","article-title":"Economic and sociocultural impacts of fisheries closures in two fishing-dependent communities following the massive 2015 U.S. West Coast harmful algal bloom","volume":"80","author":"Ritzman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2011.56.3.0829","article-title":"Effects of changing pCO2 and phosphate availability on domoic acid production and physiology of the marine harmful bloom diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032116","article-title":"High CO2 and silicate limitation synergistically increase the toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta","volume":"7","author":"Tatters","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2005.56","article-title":"Monitoring approaches for early warning of domoic acid events in Washington State","volume":"18","author":"Trainer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0185","series-title":"n.d. National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP): Guide for the Control of Molluscan Shellfish (No. 2015 Revision)","author":"US Food and Drug Administration","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s1133","article-title":"Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence","volume":"108","author":"Van Dolah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10452-015-9562-z","article-title":"Employing a socio-ecological systems approach to engage harmful algal bloom stakeholders","volume":"50","author":"Van Dolah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2017.10.007","article-title":"Introduction to RISC-KIT: resilience-increasing strategies for coasts","volume":"134","author":"van Dongeren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01942.x","article-title":"The risk perception paradox--implications for governance and communication of natural hazards","volume":"33","author":"Wachinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620020408","article-title":"Occurrence of domoic acid in Washington state razor clams (Siliqua patula) during 1991-1993","volume":"2","author":"Wekell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2018.06.002","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms: the impacts on cultural ecosystem services and human well-being in a case study setting, Cornwall","volume":"97","author":"Willis","year":"2018","journal-title":"UK. Marine Policy"}],"container-title":["Harmful Algae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568988320300019?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568988320300019?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T21:00:48Z","timestamp":1761598848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568988320300019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S1568988320300019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9883","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Examining harmful algal blooms through a disaster risk management lens: A case study of the 2015 U.S. West Coast domoic acid event","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Harmful Algae","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101740","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101740"}}