{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T12:05:11Z","timestamp":1779537911964,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000046","name":"National Research Council Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314861\/E40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314861\/E40"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Harmful Algae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:57:07Z","timestamp":1773161827000},"page":"103104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Structure elucidation of leadbeaterin-1, an ichthyotoxin associated with fish-killing blooms of Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in Northern Norwegian fjords"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"156","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0472-413X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1908-406X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Solhaug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5068-9879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno C.","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2266-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Mudge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Fon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron J.C.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingunn A.","family":"Samdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6806-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bente","family":"Edvardsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte H.","family":"Gotfredsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Juel","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8537-4439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher O.","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3362-5707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas O.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00258.x","article-title":"Development of a cell line from primary cultures of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), gills","volume":"17","author":"Bols","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NP00085A","article-title":"Chemical ecology of the marine plankton","volume":"36","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.08.001","article-title":"Two new karlotoxins found in Karlodinium veneficum (strain GM2) from the East China Sea","volume":"58","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817905-5.00004-4","article-title":"Chapter 4\u2014Marine dinoflagellates as a source of new bioactive structures","volume":"65","author":"Cousseau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0005","first-page":"84","article-title":"Algeoppblomstringen i Nord-Norge v\u00e5ren 2025\u2014hva har vi l\u00e6rt, og er vi klare til neste runde?","volume":"6-7-8","author":"Dalum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Norsk Fiskeoppdrett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2014.11.028","article-title":"The cytotoxic mechanism of karlotoxin 2 (KmTx 2) from Karlodinium veneficum (Dinophyceae)","volume":"159","author":"Deeds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2989\/18142320609504190","article-title":"Sterol-specific membrane interactions with the toxins from Karlodinium micrum (Dinophyceae)\u2014a strategy for self-protection?","volume":"28","author":"Deeds","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr. J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1577\/H05-027.1","article-title":"Histopathological effects in fish exposed to the toxins from Karlodinium micrum","volume":"18","author":"Deeds","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133549","article-title":"Progress in understanding algal bloom-mediated fish kills: the role of superoxide radicals, phycotoxins and fatty acids","volume":"10","author":"Dorantes-Aranda","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0010","first-page":"1865","article-title":"What makes a chloroplast? Reconstructing the establishment of photosynthetic symbioses","volume":"125","author":"Dorrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0011","series-title":"Toxic marine phytoplankton: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton in Lund in Sweden","first-page":"26","article-title":"Hemolytic activity in extracts of Chrysochromulina polylepis grown in different levels of selenite and phosphate","author":"Edvardsen","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(67)90014-7","article-title":"Sinking rates of marine phytoplankton measured with a fluorometer","volume":"1","author":"Eppley","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019132","article-title":"Genome evolution of a tertiary dinoflagellate plastid","volume":"6","author":"Gabrielsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191792","article-title":"Development and characterization of two cell lines from gills of Atlantic salmon","volume":"13","author":"Gjessing","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1139\/m62-029","article-title":"Studies of marine planktonic diatoms: I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt, and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran","volume":"8","author":"Guillard","year":"1962","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2022.102287","article-title":"Spatial and biological oceanographic insights into the massive fish-killing bloom of the haptophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in northern Norway","volume":"118","author":"John","year":"2022","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0017","author":"Karlsen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.3390\/md9081403","article-title":"Bioactive (3Z,5E)-11,20-epoxybriara-3,5-dien-7,18-olide diterpenoids from the South China Sea gorgonian Dichotella gemmacea","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13099","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.4c00177","article-title":"The Chemistry of phytoplankton","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0020","author":"Marthinussen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2015-0503","article-title":"Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"88","author":"Meija","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadv3390","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adv3390","article-title":"High-resolution multiomics links nutrients and mixotrophy to toxicity in a harmful bloom of the haptophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri","volume":"11","author":"Otte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9091853","article-title":"Structure and absolute configuration of karlotoxin-2, an ichthyotoxin from the marine dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum","volume":"132","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.10.021","article-title":"Karlodinium veneficum\u2014the little dinoflagellate with a big bite","volume":"14","author":"Place","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68669-0","article-title":"Sterolysin from a 1950s culture of Karlodinium veneficum (aka Gymnodinium veneficum Ballantine) forms lethal sterol dependent membrane pores","volume":"14","author":"Place","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1021\/np070498j","article-title":"Chlorocyclinones A\u2212D, chlorinated angucyclinones from Streptomyces sp. strongly antagonizing rosiglitazone-induced PPAR-\u03b3 activation","volume":"70","author":"Potterat","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2019-0603","article-title":"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"94","author":"Prohaska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b01066","article-title":"Chemical diversity, origin, and analysis of phycotoxins","volume":"79","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.6b00860","article-title":"Karmitoxin: an amine-containing polyhydroxy-polyene toxin from the marine dinoflagellate Karlodinium armiger","volume":"80","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0031","first-page":"4","article-title":"Massive salmon mortalities during a Chrysochromulina leadbeateri bloom in Northern Norway","volume":"64","author":"Samdal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harmful Algal News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1242879","article-title":"Functional and molecular characterization of the Atlantic salmon gill epithelium cell line ASG-10; a tool for in vitro gill research","volume":"10","author":"Slattery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0033","article-title":"Improve your success with fish cell lines\u2014small things that matter","author":"Solhaug","year":"2025","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-022-00560-0","article-title":"The gill epithelial cell lines RTgill-W1, from rainbow trout and ASG-10, from Atlantic salmon, exert different toxicity profiles towards rotenone","volume":"75","author":"Solhaug","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2008.08.103","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of karlotoxin 1, a new amphipathic toxin from Karlodinium veneficum","volume":"49","author":"Van Wagoner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1021\/np100158r","article-title":"Structure and relative potency of several karlotoxins from Karlodinium veneficum","volume":"73","author":"Van Wagoner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2024.102681","article-title":"Insights into the nature of ichthyotoxins from the Chrysochromulina leadbeateri blooms in Northern Norwegian fjords","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1515\/HC.2001.7.4.313","article-title":"Stereochemistry of enacyloxins 2. Structure elucidation of decarbamoyl enacyloxin IIa and IVa, new members of enacyloxin antibiotics from Frateuria sp. W-315","volume":"7","author":"Watanabe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heterocycl. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15705","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201507418","article-title":"Stereochemical studies of the karlotoxin class using NMR spectroscopy and DP4 chemical-shift analysis: insights into their mechanism of action","volume":"54","author":"Waters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(97)00047-0","article-title":"Comparative toxicity of the diarrhetic shellfish poisons, okadaic acid, okadaic acid diol-ester and dinophysistoxin-4, to the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii","volume":"35","author":"Windust","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8050454","article-title":"New antibacterial chloro-containing polyketides from the alga-derived fungus Asteromyces cruciatus KMM 4696","volume":"8","author":"Zhuravleva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fungi"}],"container-title":["Harmful Algae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568988326000569?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568988326000569?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T11:28:57Z","timestamp":1779535737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568988326000569"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S1568988326000569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-9883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-9883","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Structure elucidation of leadbeaterin-1, an ichthyotoxin associated with fish-killing blooms of Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in Northern Norwegian fjords","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Harmful Algae","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hal.2026.103104","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103104"}}