{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T01:56:57Z","timestamp":1778810217653,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]],"date-time":"2005-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hand Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,22]],"date-time":"2005-07-22T16:04:42Z","timestamp":1122048282000},"page":"363-373","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Biomechanics and Biology of External Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Randy R.","family":"Bindra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handoll HHG, Madhok R. Surgical interventions for treating distal radial fractures in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2004.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003209"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(91)90002-S","article-title":"External fixation of distal radial fractures: results and complications","volume":"16A","author":"Sanders","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(93)90241-T","article-title":"Severe fractures of the distal radius: effect of amount and duration of external fixator distraction on outcome","volume":"18A","author":"Kaempffe","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib4","first-page":"577","article-title":"Distal radius fractures\u2014multiplanar ligamentotaxis","volume":"9","author":"Agee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198309000-00014","article-title":"Bending stiffness of unilateral and bilateral frames","volume":"178","author":"Behrens","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.22923","article-title":"Ilizarov hybrid external fixation for fractures of the distal radius: part I. Feasibility of transfixion wire placement","volume":"26A","author":"Lindsay","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.1999.0256","article-title":"The radio\u2013radial external fixator in the treatment of fractures of the distal radius","volume":"24B","author":"Fischer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.69B2.3818750","article-title":"External fixation of Colles' fractures. An anatomical study","volume":"69B","author":"Jenkins","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(89)80079-6","article-title":"Treatment of unstable Colles' fractures with a new radius mini-fixator","volume":"14A","author":"Melendez","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib10","series-title":"The external fixator","first-page":"27","article-title":"On the biomechanics of external fixation","author":"Weber","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib11","series-title":"External fixation: the current state of the art","article-title":"Stress and rigidity analysis of the external fixation devices","author":"Chao","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib12","series-title":"Current concepts of external fixation of fractures","first-page":"21","article-title":"How stable should fixation be?","author":"Mooney","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199002000-00035","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of pin placement and pin size for external fixation of distal radius fractures","volume":"251","author":"Seitz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)01009-X","article-title":"Static external fixation of the wrist","volume":"9","author":"Hertel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199112000-00017","article-title":"Induction and prevention of pin loosening in external fixation: an in vivo study on sheep tibiae","volume":"5","author":"Hyldahl","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-198912000-00012","article-title":"The effect of radial preload on the implant\u2013bone interface: a cadaveric study","volume":"3","author":"Biliouris","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(21)00014-6","article-title":"External fixation of distal radius fractures. Indications and technical principles","volume":"24","author":"Seitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Orthop Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(94)90276-3","article-title":"Dorsal pin placement and external fixation for correction of dorsal tilt in fractures of the distal radius","volume":"19A","author":"Braun","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(10)80060-7","article-title":"Augmented external fixation of unstable distal radius fractures","volume":"16","author":"Seitz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80100-7","article-title":"Augmented external fixation of distal radius fractures: a biomechanical analysis","volume":"23A","author":"Wolfe","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.1999.0459","article-title":"Supplemental pinning improves the stability of external fixation in distal radius fractures during simulated finger and forearm motion","volume":"24A","author":"Dunning","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.1999.0516","article-title":"A biomechanical comparison of different wrist external fixators with and without K-wire augmentation","volume":"24","author":"Wolfe","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2000.6915","article-title":"Distal radius metaphyseal forces in an extrinsic grip model: implications for postfracture rehabilitation","volume":"25A","author":"Putnam","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib24","first-page":"69","article-title":"Grip and pinch strength: normative data for adults","volume":"66","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198905000-00003","article-title":"The biologic concept of continuous passive motion of synovial joints: the first 18 years of research and its clinical application","volume":"242","author":"Salter","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib26","first-page":"83","article-title":"A modification of the use of extraskeletal immobilization for comminuted fractures of the distal radius","volume":"123","author":"Jones","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769020-00012","article-title":"Dynamic external fixation for comminuted intra-articular fractures of the distal end of the radius","volume":"69A","author":"Clyburn","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)01010-6","article-title":"Dynamic external fixation of distal radius fractures","volume":"9","author":"Pennig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199102000-00018","article-title":"A semi-invasive method for articular Colles' fractures","volume":"263","author":"Yen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00085-8","article-title":"Normal wrist kinematics and the analysis of the effect of various dynamic external fixators for treatment of distal radius fractures","volume":"13","author":"Patterson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib31","first-page":"149","article-title":"Dynamic external fixation of unstable fractures of the distal end of the radius","volume":"76A","author":"Sommerkamp","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib32","first-page":"85","article-title":"Three-dimensional dynamic AO external fixation of distal radial fractures: a preliminary report","volume":"25","author":"Goslings","year":"1994","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199903000-00009","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of dynamic external fixation devices for the treatment of distal radial fractures","volume":"46","author":"Goslings","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib34","first-page":"434","article-title":"Comminuted fractures of the distal end of the radius","volume":"78","author":"Anderson","year":"1944","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195234030-00019","article-title":"Comminuted fractures of the distal end of the radius treated by ulnar pinning","volume":"34A","author":"DePalma","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib36","series-title":"External fixation: the current state of the art","first-page":"75","article-title":"Treatment of articular fractures by \u201cligamentotaxis\u201d with external fixation","author":"Vidal","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(09)91099-1","article-title":"Intraarticular fractures of the distal radius: a cadaveric study to determine if ligamentotaxis restores radiopalmar tilt","volume":"15A","author":"Bartosh","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199806000-00007","article-title":"Long-term results of the external fixation of distal radius fractures","volume":"44","author":"Rikli","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200401000-00006","article-title":"Results of palmar plating of the lunate facet combined with external fixation for the treatment of high-energy compression fractures of the distal radius","volume":"18","author":"Ruch","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.1999.jhsu24a0102","article-title":"Wrist ligament strain during external fixation: a cadaveric study","volume":"24A","author":"Davenport","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.1999.0270","article-title":"The evaluation of tension in an experimental model of external fixation of distal radius fractures","volume":"24A","author":"Gupta","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198163030-00009","article-title":"The carpal tunnel syndrome. A study of carpal canal pressures","volume":"63A","author":"Gelberman","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.04.018","article-title":"Carpal canal pressure of the distracted wrist","volume":"29A","author":"Baechler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib44","first-page":"175","article-title":"Physical and biological aspects of fracture healing with special reference to internal fixation","volume":"138","author":"Perren","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466070-00016","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of compression plates and external fixators on early bone-healing","volume":"66A","author":"Lewallen","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198904000-00005","article-title":"The effect of rigidity on fracture healing in external fixation","volume":"241","author":"Chao","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198567040-00015","article-title":"External skeletal fixation of canine tibial osteotomies. Compression compared with no compression","volume":"67A","author":"Hart","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466080-00015","article-title":"Comparison of osteotomy healing under external fixation devices with different stiffness characteristics","volume":"66A","author":"Wu","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(86)80045-4","article-title":"Severely comminuted distal radius fractures as an unsolved problem: complications associated with external fixation and pins and plaster techniques","volume":"11A","author":"Weber","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.71B5.2584256","article-title":"Ligamentotaxis and bone grafting for comminuted fractures of the distal radius","volume":"71B","author":"Leung","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.1999.0816","article-title":"Augmentation of distal radius fracture fixation with coralline hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute","volume":"24A","author":"Wolfe","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib52","first-page":"18","article-title":"Analysis of the external fixator pin\u2013bone interface","volume":"93","author":"Pettine","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.79B3.7190","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite coating of threaded pins enhances fixation","volume":"79B","author":"Magyar","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200203000-00009","article-title":"State of the art review: techniques to avoid pin loosening and infection in external fixation","volume":"16","author":"Moroni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10088","article-title":"Fixation strength of tapered versus bicylindrical hydroxyapatite-coated external fixation pins: an animal study","volume":"63","author":"Moroni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19940501-11","article-title":"Pin tract infections: silver vs uncoated pins","volume":"17","author":"Collinge","year":"1994","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib57","first-page":"305","article-title":"Factors in pin tract infections","volume":"14","author":"Mahan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200308000-00005","article-title":"Pin tract infection with contemporary external fixation: how much of a problem?","volume":"17","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(2000)53:4<400::AID-JBM14>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Development, characterization, and anti-microbial efficacy of hydroxyapatite-chlorhexidine coatings produced by surface-induced mineralization","volume":"53","author":"Campbell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.10.003","article-title":"Bactericidal activity of antimicrobial coated polyurethane sleeves for external fixation pins","volume":"22","author":"Forster","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195739020-00013","article-title":"Ultrasonic energy and surgically produced defects in bone","volume":"39A","author":"Ardan","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(68)90026-2","article-title":"The temperature dependence of the deformation of bone","volume":"1","author":"Bonfield","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466070-00015","article-title":"The thermal effects of skeletal fixation\u2013pin insertion in bone","volume":"66A","author":"Matthews","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130418","article-title":"Thermal response and torque resistance of five cortical half-pins under simulated insertion technique","volume":"13","author":"Wikenheiser","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/00004694-200003000-00006","article-title":"Pin site care during external fixation in children: results of a nihilistic approach","volume":"20","author":"Gordon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199203000-00003","article-title":"External fixation of femur fractures in children","volume":"12","author":"Aronson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"}],"container-title":["Hand Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749071205000284?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749071205000284?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T00:33:18Z","timestamp":1706401998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749071205000284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749071205000284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hcl.2005.02.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}}}