{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T21:33:31Z","timestamp":1781300011009,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hand Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T07:13:32Z","timestamp":1700118812000},"page":"129-139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Metacarpal and Phalangeal Nonunions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Czerniecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Mishu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Schmucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.26322","article-title":"The frequency and epidemiology of hand and forearm fractures in the United States","volume":"26","author":"Chung","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.031","article-title":"The biology of fracture healing","volume":"42","author":"Marsell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24170","article-title":"Cellular biology of fracture healing","volume":"37","author":"Bahney","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uysal AC, Alagoz MS, T\u00dcCcar E, Sens\u00d6Z \u00d6. Vascular Anatomy of the Metacarpal Bones and the Interosseous Muscles. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 63-68.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SAP.0000058502.60411.58"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(09)91123-6","article-title":"Arterial system of the fingers","volume":"15","author":"Strauch","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib6","article-title":"Fracture nonunion in long bones: A literature review of risk factors and surgical management","volume":"52","author":"Nicholson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2019.03.053","article-title":"Non-union: Indications for external fixation","volume":"50","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib8","first-page":"237","article-title":"Miniature plates and screws in acute complex hand injury","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib9","series-title":"Finger bone and joint injuries","first-page":"113","article-title":"Delayed union and nonunion: treatment modalities","author":"Beris","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib10","first-page":"535","article-title":"Complications of Plate Fixation in Metacarpal Fractures","volume":"52","author":"Fusetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib11","first-page":"91","article-title":"A\u00a0study of the healing of one hundred consecutive phalangeal fractures","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"1935","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01580","article-title":"Variability in the assessment of fracture-healing in orthopaedic trauma studies","volume":"90","author":"Corrales","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.05.022","article-title":"Radiographic scoring system to evaluate union of distal radius fractures","volume":"39","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib14","first-page":"1300","article-title":"The Radiographic Union Score for HUmeral fractures (RUSHU) predicts humeral shaft nonunion","volume":"101-B","author":"Oliver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery British"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib15","first-page":"692","article-title":"The accuracy of computed tomography for the diagnosis of tibial nonunion","volume":"88","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib16","first-page":"337","article-title":"Does computed tomography change our observation and management of fracture non-unions?","volume":"4","author":"Kleinlugtenbelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Archives of Bone And Joint Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.08.016","article-title":"Monitoring of fracture healing. Update on current and future imaging modalities to predict union","volume":"52","author":"Nicholson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.01034","article-title":"Preoperative diagnosis of infection in patients with nonunions","volume":"95","author":"Stucken","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2023.04.014","article-title":"Defining nonunion for metacarpal fractures: a systematic review","author":"Hayes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162775","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.2775","article-title":"Epidemiology of fracture nonunion in 18 human bones","volume":"151","author":"Zura","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-968X(79)80024-8","article-title":"Fractures of the shafts of the phalanges of the hand","volume":"11","author":"Barton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hand"},{"issue":"214","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198701000-00010","article-title":"Complications of plate fixation in the hand skeleton","volume":"214","author":"Stern","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.2000.0486","article-title":"Treatment of phalangeal fractures in severely injured hands","volume":"26","author":"Van Oosterom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery, British volume"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib24","first-page":"1553","article-title":"Inhibition of fracture healing","volume":"89","author":"Gaston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery British"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib25","article-title":"Biological Risk Factors for Nonunion of Bone Fracture","volume":"4","author":"Zura","year":"2016","journal-title":"JBJS Rev. Jan 05"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(85)80066-6","article-title":"The management of delayed union and nonunion of the metacarpals and phalanges","volume":"10","author":"Jupiter","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(81)80134-7","article-title":"Intramedullary fixation for fractures of the hand","volume":"6","author":"Grundberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery (American ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib28","series-title":"Fractures of the hand and wrist","first-page":"145","article-title":"Open fractures and those with soft tissue damage: treatment by external fixation","author":"Hastings","year":"1988"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(92)90477-7","article-title":"Treatment of hand injuries by external fixation","volume":"17","author":"Ashmead","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1054\/JHSB.1998.0217","article-title":"The role of low-profile titanium miniplates in emergency and elective hand surgery","volume":"24","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery, British volume"},{"issue":"327","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199606000-00007","article-title":"Use of the minicondylar plate in metacarpal and phalangeal fractures","volume":"327","author":"Ouellette","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80157-3","article-title":"Complications and range of motion following plate fixation of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures","volume":"23","author":"Page","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery (American ed)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.11.023","article-title":"Minimally invasive fixation of fractures of the phalanges and metacarpals with intramedullary cannulated headless compression screws","volume":"40","author":"del Pi\u00f1al","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(05)80247-5","article-title":"Pivot osteotomy for the correction of malunion of metacarpal neck fractures","volume":"17","author":"Thurston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery, British volume"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(00)80007-8","article-title":"Corrective osteotomy of malunited fractures of phalanges and metacarpals","volume":"25","author":"Gollamudi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery, British volume"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib36","first-page":"30","article-title":"Osteotomy of the metacarpals and phalanges stabilized by AO plates and screws","volume":"8","author":"Lucas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Hand Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)01168-9","article-title":"Fractures of the Distal Phalanx","volume":"4","author":"Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib38","series-title":"Acute bone and joint injuries of the Hand and wrist: a clinical guide to management","author":"Weeks","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib39","series-title":"Acute Bone and joint Injuries of the Hand and wrist","first-page":"547","article-title":"Osteotomy of the metacarpals and phalanges","author":"Lucas","year":"1981"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12195","article-title":"Fixation of metacarpal shaft fractures: biomechanical comparison of intramedullary nail crossed k-wires and plate-screw constructs","volume":"7","author":"Curtis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2019.11.1.120","article-title":"A\u00a0comparative study of tensile strength of three operative fixation techniques for metacarpal shaft fractures in adults: a cadaver study","volume":"11","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944716628485","article-title":"Comparison of dorsal plate fixation versus intramedullary headless screw fixation of unstable metacarpal shaft fractures","volume":"11","author":"Melamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hand (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2020.11.013","article-title":"Minimally invasive intramedullary screw versus plate fixation for proximal phalanx fractures: a biomechanical study","volume":"46","author":"Miles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery (American ed)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2020.04.010","article-title":"Osteosynthesis of phalangeal fractures: biomechanical comparison of kirschner wires, plates, and compression screws","volume":"45","author":"Rausch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery (American ed)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-968X(82)80049-1","article-title":"Non-union in a fracture of the shaft of the distal phalanx","volume":"14","author":"Read","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hand"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-198811000-00019","article-title":"Treatment of Delayed Union, Nonunion, and Malunion of the Phalanges of the Hand","volume":"21","author":"Wray","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193407087866","article-title":"Open reduction and interfragmentary screw fixation for symptomatic nonunion of distal phalangeal fractures","volume":"33","author":"Chim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery, European Volume"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.02.022","article-title":"Symptomatic nonunion of a distal phalanx fracture: treatment with a percutaneous compression screw","volume":"34","author":"Meijs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0000000000000299","article-title":"Masquelet technique for phalangeal reconstruction and osteomyelitis","volume":"25","author":"Pruzansky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2015.11.002","article-title":"Functional and radiographic evaluation of the treatment of traumatic bone loss of the hand using the Masquelet technique","volume":"35","author":"Moris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hand Surgery and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2009.07.011","article-title":"The Concept of Induced Membrane for Reconstruction of Long Bone Defects","volume":"41","author":"Masquelet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orthop Clin N Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80471-X","article-title":"Metacarpal shaft fractures: The effect of shortening on the extensor tendon mechanism","volume":"23","author":"Strauch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery (American ed)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80054-3","article-title":"Effect of proximal phalangeal fracture deformity on extensor tendon function","volume":"23","author":"Vahey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery (American ed)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.07.011","article-title":"Extensor mechanism slide for the treatment of proximal interphalangeal joint extension lag: An anatomic study","volume":"29","author":"Beekman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(83)80060-4","article-title":"Treatment of pseudoarthrosis of the distal phalanx with the palmar midline approach","volume":"8","author":"Itoh","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib56","series-title":"Stable Fixation of the Hand and Wrist","author":"Freeland","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib57","series-title":"Pseudarthroses and their treatment","first-page":"168","article-title":"The treatment of nonunion in bones of the hand","author":"Heim","year":"1979"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-012-9444-y","article-title":"Corticocancellous Olecranon Autograft for Metacarpal Defect Reconstruction: A Case Report","volume":"7","author":"Babushkina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hand (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib59","first-page":"A59","article-title":"Cancellous bone graft for skeletal reconstruction. Muscular versus periosteal bed--preliminary report","volume":"25","author":"Hertel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198409000-00006","article-title":"Bone grafts: a radiologic, histologic, and biomechanical model comparing autografts, allografts, and free vascularized bone grafts","volume":"74","author":"Weiland","year":"1984","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg (1963)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.1999.0594","article-title":"Osteocutaneous radial forearm flap for hand reconstruction","volume":"24","author":"Yajima","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2022.08.057","article-title":"Free Medial Femoral Condyle Flap for Phalangeal and Metacarpal Bone Reconstruction","volume":"75","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib63","first-page":"86.e11","article-title":"Vascularized Ulnar Periosteal Pedicled Flap for Upper Extremity Reconstruction in Adults: A Prospective Case Series of 11 Patients","volume":"47","author":"Barrera-Ochoa","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of hand surgery (American ed)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.72B3.2187877","article-title":"A\u00a0double-blind trial of pulsed electromagnetic fields for delayed union of tibial fractures","volume":"72","author":"Sharrard","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199406000-00005","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective, double-blind trial of electrical capacitive coupling in the treatment of non-union of long bones","volume":"76","author":"Scott","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(02)00209-7","article-title":"Electrical treatment of tibial non-union: a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial","volume":"34","author":"Simonis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-35","article-title":"Early application of pulsed electromagnetic field in the treatment of postoperative delayed union of long-bone fractures: a prospective randomized controlled study","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102519","article-title":"Biophysical Stimulation in Delayed Fracture Healing of Hand Phalanx: A Radiographic Evaluation","volume":"10","author":"De Francesco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"}],"container-title":["Hand Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S074907122300094X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S074907122300094X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T03:26:03Z","timestamp":1760066763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S074907122300094X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S074907122300094X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Metacarpal and Phalangeal Nonunions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Hand Clinics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hcl.2023.09.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}