{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:08:44Z","timestamp":1783987724965,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Military Operational Medicine Research Program","award":["MOMRP #17140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOMRP #17140"]}]},{"name":"Laulima Government Solutions, LLC","award":["W81XWH-14-D-0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-14-D-0012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hearing Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T17:10:06Z","timestamp":1543943406000},"page":"53-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Human middle-ear muscles rarely contract in anticipation of acoustic impulses: Implications for hearing risk assessments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"378","author":[{"given":"Heath G.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5872-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel T.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Ahroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e318192483c","article-title":"Risk factors for hearing loss in US adults: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999 to 2002","volume":"30","author":"Agrawal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3109\/00016486209126969","article-title":"Experimental studies on sound transmission in the human ear","volume":"54","author":"Andersen","year":"1962","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib3","first-page":"132","article-title":"Attempts to condition the acoustic reflex","volume":"10","author":"Bates","year":"1970","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Aud. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1916-0216-42-17","article-title":"Laser Doppler vibrometry measurements of human cadaveric tympanic membrane vibration","volume":"42","author":"Beyea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3109\/00016486809126311","article-title":"A\u00a0quantitative study of the effect of the acoustic stapedius reflex on sound transmission through the middle ear of man","volume":"66","author":"Borg","year":"1968","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib6","first-page":"234","article-title":"Respondent conditioning of the middle ear reflex","volume":"11","author":"Brainerd","year":"1971","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Aud. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3109\/05384916909070228","article-title":"Middle-ear muscle activity and temporary threshold shift","volume":"8","author":"Brasher","year":"1969","journal-title":"Int Audiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1391243","article-title":"Evaluation of impulse noise criteria using human volunteer data","volume":"110","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib9","series-title":"Criteria for Assessing Hearing Damage Risk from Impulse-noise Exposure. Technical Memorandum 13-67","author":"Coles","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1919340","article-title":"Dynamics of the acoustic reflex: phenomenological aspects","volume":"36","author":"Dallos","year":"1964","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib11","series-title":"Scientific Peer Advisory and Review Services Peer Review on the Human Research and Engineering Directorate (HRED) Method for Assessing the Risk of Auditory","author":"Davis","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.01.015","article-title":"Analytical and numerical modeling of the hearing system: advances towards the assessment of hearing damage","volume":"349","author":"De Paolis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3109\/00016486409134578","article-title":"Middle ear muscle reflexes elicited by acoustic and nonacoustic stimulation","volume":"57","author":"Djupesland","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3109\/05384916509070162","article-title":"Electromyography of the tympanic muscles in man","volume":"4","author":"Djupesland","year":"1965","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib15","series-title":"MIL-STD-1474d Department of Defense Design Criteria Standard: Noise Limits","author":"DoD","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib16","series-title":"MIL-STD-1474E Department of Defense Design Criteria Standard: Noise Limits","author":"DoD","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4205.1029","article-title":"Acoustic reflex detection using wide-band acoustic reflectance, admittance, and power measurements","volume":"42","author":"Feeney","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200108000-00006","article-title":"Estimating the acoustic reflex threshold from wideband measures of reflectance, admittance, and power","volume":"22","author":"Feeney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2016.1257164","article-title":"Acoustic reflexes are common but not pervasive: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999\u20132012","volume":"56","author":"Flamme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1914.35.4.367","article-title":"Acoustic reflexes in the decerebrate cat","volume":"35","author":"Forbes","year":"1914","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology--Legacy Content"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.01.004","article-title":"Mechanical damage of tympanic membrane in relation to impulse pressure waveform\u2013a study in chinchillas","volume":"340","author":"Gan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.02.002","article-title":"Stapes displacement and intracochlear pressure in response to very high level, low frequency sounds","volume":"348","author":"Greene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib23","series-title":"Intracochlear Pressure Measurements during Acoustic Shock Wave Exposure","author":"Greene","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib24","series-title":"Assessment of Middle Ear Function during the Acoustic Reflex Using Laser-doppler Vibrometry USAARL Technical Report TR-2017-016","author":"Jones","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib25","series-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Launch Blast Overpressure","article-title":"Mathematical model of the ear's response to weapons impulses","author":"Kalb","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.05.012","article-title":"Characterization of the nonlinear elastic behavior of chinchilla tympanic membrane using micro-fringe projection","volume":"339","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4003.320","article-title":"Anticipatory middle-ear reflex activity from noisy toys","volume":"40","author":"Marshall","year":"1975","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Speech Hear. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2017.1416189","article-title":"Acoustic reflexes are common but not pervasive: evidence using a diagnostic middle ear analyser","volume":"57","author":"McGregor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1903322","article-title":"Effects of noise on people","volume":"56","author":"Miller","year":"1974","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"9B","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1918384","article-title":"Acoustic reflex in man","volume":"34","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"1962","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-195801000-00009","article-title":"Intra-Aural muscle contraction in man, examined by measuring acoustic impedance of the ear","volume":"68","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"1958","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713810381771","article-title":"Auditory brainstem circuits that mediate the middle ear muscle reflex","volume":"14","author":"Mukerji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Amplif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib31","series-title":"An Analysis of the Blast Overpressure Study Data Comparing Three Exposure Criteria. NIOSH Survey Report: EPHB Report 309-05h","author":"Murphy","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib32","series-title":"How Do Contractions of the Stapedius Muscle Alter the Acoustic Properties of the Ear? Peripheral Auditory Mechanisms","first-page":"36","author":"Pang","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib33","series-title":"Evaluation of an Auditory Hazard Model Using Data from Human Volunteer Studies USAARL Report 2005-01","author":"Patterson","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib34","series-title":"The Philosophy, Theoretical Bases, and Implementation of the AHAAH Model for Evaluation of Hazard from Exposure to Intense Sounds","author":"Price","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2029301","article-title":"Middle ear muscle effects during gunfire noise exposures","volume":"89","author":"Price","year":"1991","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib36","series-title":"Modeling Noise Hazard to the Human Ear","author":"Price","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib37","series-title":"Critical Analysis and Comment on Patterson and Ahroon (2004) \u201cEvaluation of an Auditory Hazard Model Using Data from Human Volunteer Studies\u201d USAARL Report No. 2005-01 AHA Report No. 190805","author":"Price","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2785810","article-title":"Validation of the auditory hazard assessment algorithm for the human with impulse noise data","volume":"122","author":"Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2006.08.005","article-title":"Predicting mechanical damage to the organ of Corti","volume":"226","author":"Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib40","series-title":"Technical Report ARL-CR-657","article-title":"Critique of \"an analysis of the blast overpressure study data comparing three exposure criteria","author":"Price","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1121\/1.401291","article-title":"Insights into hazard from intense impulses from a mathematical model of the ear","volume":"90","author":"Price","year":"1991","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib42","series-title":"Critical Examination of the Article Impulse Noise Injury Prediction Based on the Cochlear Energy by Zagadou, Chan, Ho, and Shelly","author":"Price","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.04.011","article-title":"Comparison of umbo velocity in air-and bone-conduction","volume":"290","author":"R\u00f6\u00f6sli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200303000-00008","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of laser-Doppler vibrometry in conductive hearing loss with normal tympanic membrane","volume":"24","author":"Rosowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib45","series-title":"The Acoustic Reflex: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications","author":"Silman","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488909127501","article-title":"Effect of crossed stapedius reflex on vibration of mallear handle in man","volume":"107","author":"Svane-Knudsen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib47","series-title":"Experiments in Hearing","author":"Von B\u00e9k\u00e9sy","year":"1960"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib48","series-title":"Proposed Damage Risk Criterion for Impulse Noise","author":"Ward","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(03)00332-0","article-title":"A\u00a0normative study of tympanic membrane motion in humans using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV)","volume":"187","author":"Whittemore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib50","series-title":"Peer Review of Impulse Noise Injury Models, Final Report","author":"Wightman","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487609120857","article-title":"Classical conditioning of the stapedius muscle","volume":"82","author":"Yonovitz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib52","series-title":"Impulse Noise Injury Prediction Based on the Cochlear Energy","author":"Zagadou","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.03.009","article-title":"Reply to \u201cCritical examination of the article: impulse noise injury prediction based on the cochlear energy\u201d","volume":"350","author":"Zagadou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487809123491","article-title":"The effect of the stapedius reflex on attenuation and poststimulatory auditory fatigue at different frequencies","volume":"86","author":"Zakrisson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."}],"container-title":["Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378595518303824?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378595518303824?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]],"date-time":"2024-07-13T00:37:26Z","timestamp":1720831046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378595518303824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0378595518303824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-5955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-5955","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Human middle-ear muscles rarely contract in anticipation of acoustic impulses: Implications for hearing risk assessments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Hearing Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}