{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T23:52:49Z","timestamp":1793490769587,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,6]],"date-time":"2020-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599350400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":341,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001068","name":"Dana Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001068","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hearing Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T12:40:32Z","timestamp":1565268032000},"page":"107779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Analyzing the FFR: A tutorial for decoding the richness of auditory function"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"382","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Krizman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2008.08.004","article-title":"Envelope and spectral frequency-following responses to vowel sounds","volume":"245","author":"Aiken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.12.010","article-title":"The temporal relationship between speech auditory brainstem responses and the acoustic pattern of the phoneme\/ba\/in normal-hearing adults","volume":"119","author":"Akhoun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4922","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0107-10.2010","article-title":"Neural timing is linked to speech perception in noise","volume":"30","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213555110","article-title":"Reversal of age-related neural timing delays with training","volume":"110","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.08.001","article-title":"Brainstem correlates of speech-in-noise perception in children","volume":"270","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4799804","article-title":"Effects of hearing loss on the subcortical representation of speech cues","volume":"133","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao3842","article-title":"The coupling between auditory and motor cortices is rate-restricted: evidence for an intrinsic speech-motor rhythm","volume":"4","author":"Assaneo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16774-8","article-title":"Monkeys share the neurophysiological basis for encoding sound periodicities captured by the frequency-following response with humans","volume":"7","author":"Ayala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp024","article-title":"Reading and subcortical auditory function","volume":"19","author":"Banai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebr. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.01.011","article-title":"Multichannel recordings of the human brainstem frequency-following response: scalp topography, source generators, and distinctions from the transient ABR","volume":"323","author":"Bidelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.060","article-title":"Subcortical sources dominate the neuroelectric auditory frequency-following response to speech","volume":"175","author":"Bidelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000648","article-title":"Speech auditory brainstem responses: effects of background, stimulus duration, consonant\u2013vowel, and number of epochs","volume":"40","author":"BinKhamis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13704","article-title":"Clapping in time parallels literacy and calls upon overlapping neural mechanisms in early readers","volume":"1423","author":"Bonacina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-010-0236-1","article-title":"Subcortical plasticity following perceptual learning in a pitch discrimination task","volume":"12","author":"Carcagno","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2009.00928.x","article-title":"The scalp-recorded brainstem response to speech: neural origins and plasticity","volume":"47","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2110","article-title":"Atypical longitudinal development of speech-evoked auditory brainstem response in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11070","article-title":"Cortical contributions to the auditory frequency-following response revealed by MEG","volume":"7","author":"Coffey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.06.029","article-title":"Decoding of selective attention to continuous speech from the human auditory brainstem response","volume":"200","author":"Etard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.27203","article-title":"The human auditory brainstem response to running speech reveals a subcortical mechanism for selective attention","volume":"6","author":"Forte","year":"2017","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(96)96006-X","article-title":"Speech-evoked brainstem frequency-following responses during verbal transformations due to word repetition","volume":"102","author":"Galbraith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199511270-00021","article-title":"Intelligible speech encoded in the human brain stem frequency-following response","volume":"6","author":"Galbraith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199806010-00041","article-title":"Brain stem frequency-following response to dichotic vowels during attention","volume":"9","author":"Galbraith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2012.03.0038","article-title":"Performance on tests of central auditory processing by individuals exposed to high-intensity blasts","volume":"49","author":"Gallun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.01.016","article-title":"Recording the human brainstem frequency-following-response in the free-field","volume":"280","author":"Gama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3101.87","article-title":"Auditory brainstem responses to tone bursts in normally hearing subjects","volume":"31","author":"Gorga","year":"1988","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib26","series-title":"Proc. 11th Int. Symp. On Hearing","first-page":"257","article-title":"A\u00a0space-time theory of pitch and timbre based on cortical expansion of the cochlear traveling wave delay","author":"Greenberg","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908437","article-title":"Critical bandwidth and the frequency coordinates of the basilar membrane","volume":"33","author":"Greenwood","year":"1961","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4205-12.2013","article-title":"Unstable representation of sound: a biological marker of dyslexia","volume":"33","author":"Hornickel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.12.005","article-title":"Test-retest consistency of speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses in typically-developing children","volume":"284","author":"Hornickel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13022","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901123106","article-title":"Subcortical differentiation of voiced stop consonants: relationships to reading and speech in noise perception","volume":"106","author":"Hornickel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib31","series-title":"The Mammalian Auditory Pathways","first-page":"127","article-title":"Neurons, connections, and microcircuits of the inferior colliculus","author":"Ito","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31821cc0df","article-title":"Cross-linguistic comparison of frequency-following responses to voice pitch in American and Chinese neonates and adults","volume":"32","author":"Jeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(99)00209-9","article-title":"Human auditory steady-state responses to amplitude-modulated tones: phase and latency measurements","volume":"141","author":"John","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13p","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.07.277","article-title":"Brainstem encoding of voiced consonant-vowel stop syllables","volume":"119","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.02.004","article-title":"Successful second language learning is tied to robust domain-general auditory processing and stable neural representation of sound","volume":"192","author":"Kachlicka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1121\/1.408162","article-title":"Measuring human cochlear traveling wave delay using distortion product emission phase responses","volume":"94","author":"Kimberley","year":"1993","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02556-3","article-title":"Deficits in auditory brainstem pathway encoding of speech sounds in children with learning problems","volume":"319","author":"King","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2882","article-title":"Music training for the development of auditory skills","volume":"11","author":"Kraus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.08.017","article-title":"Unraveling the biology of auditory learning: a cognitive\u2013sensorimotor\u2013reward framework","volume":"19","author":"Kraus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858416653593","article-title":"Neurobiology of everyday communication: what have we learned from music?","volume":"23","author":"Kraus","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib41","series-title":"The Frequency-Following Response: A Window into Human Communication, the Frequency-Following Response","first-page":"1","author":"Kraus","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib42","first-page":"e11","article-title":"Auditory biological marker of concussion in children","volume":"97","author":"Kraus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.03.008","article-title":"The neural legacy of a single concussion","volume":"646","author":"Kraus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib44","series-title":"Making sense of sound: a biological marker for concussion","author":"Kraus","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(02)00327-1","article-title":"Human frequency-following responses: representation of steady-state synthetic vowels","volume":"166","author":"Krishnan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2009.03.005","article-title":"The role of the auditory brainstem in processing linguistically-relevant pitch patterns","volume":"110","author":"Krishnan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(03)00402-7","article-title":"Human frequency-following response: representation of pitch contours in Chinese tones","volume":"189","author":"Krishnan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.05.004","article-title":"Encoding of pitch in the human brainstem is sensitive to language experience","volume":"25","author":"Krishnan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1159\/000289572","article-title":"Stimulus rate and subcortical auditory processing of speech","volume":"15","author":"Krizman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Audiol. Neuro. Otol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.07.037","article-title":"Sex differences in auditory subcortical function","volume":"123","author":"Krizman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12347","article-title":"Bilingual enhancements have no socioeconomic boundaries","volume":"19","author":"Krizman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.07.002","article-title":"Sex differences in subcortical auditory processing emerge across development","volume":"380","author":"Krizman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.11.006","article-title":"Bilingualism increases neural response consistency and attentional control: evidence for sensory and cognitive coupling","volume":"128","author":"Krizman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7877","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201575109","article-title":"Subcortical encoding of sound is enhanced in bilinguals and relates to executive function advantages","volume":"109","author":"Krizman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.11.011","article-title":"Neural processing of speech in children is influenced by extent of bilingual experience","volume":"585","author":"Krizman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib56","article-title":"Effect of stimulus polarity on speech evoked auditory brainstem response","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Audiol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715963","article-title":"Sources of the scalp-recorded amplitude-modulation following response","volume":"13","author":"Kuwada","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00497.2005","article-title":"Phase-locked responses to pure tones in the inferior colliculus","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib59","series-title":"IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","first-page":"1282","article-title":"A\u00a0computational model of filtering, detection, and compression in the cochlea, ICASSP'82","volume":"vol. 7","author":"Lyon","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib60","series-title":"Learning Two Tone Languages Enhances the Brainstem Encoding of Lexical Tones","first-page":"1437","author":"Maggu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib61","series-title":"Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammalian Auditory System, Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience","first-page":"155","author":"Malmierca","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib62","first-page":"189","article-title":"Descending Connections of Auditory Cortex to the Midbrain and Brain Stem","author":"Malmierca","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.012","article-title":"Pattern-sensitive neurons reveal encoding of complex auditory regularities in the rat inferior colliculus","volume":"184","author":"Malmierca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.04.004","article-title":"Characterization of the human central nucleus of the inferior colliculus","volume":"377","author":"Mansour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-013-0402-3","article-title":"Subcortical neural synchrony and absolute thresholds predict frequency discrimination independently","volume":"14","author":"Marmel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15894","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701498104","article-title":"Musicians have enhanced subcortical auditory and audiovisual processing of speech and music","volume":"104","author":"Musacchia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib67","article-title":"Frequency-following response among neonates with progressive moderate hyperbilirubinemia","author":"Musacchia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Perinatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.01.008","article-title":"Dyslexia risk gene relates to representation of sound in the auditory brainstem","volume":"24","author":"Neef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.05.005","article-title":"Successful non-native speech perception is linked to frequency following response phase consistency","volume":"93","author":"Omote","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-5164-4","article-title":"Children with autism spectrum disorder have unstable neural responses to sound","volume":"236","author":"Otto-Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(86)90002-X","article-title":"Phase-locking in the cochlear nerve of the Guinea-pig and its relation to the receptor potential of inner hair-cells","volume":"24","author":"Palmer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14100","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3256-09.2009","article-title":"Musical experience limits the degradative effects of background noise on the neural processing of sound","volume":"29","author":"Parbery-Clark","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16741","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5700-12.2013","article-title":"Musical training enhances neural processing of binaural sounds","volume":"33","author":"Parbery-Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.11.001","article-title":"The frequency-following response (FFR) to speech stimuli: a normative dataset in healthy newborns","volume":"371","author":"Ribas-Prats","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-H-ASCC7-18-0076","article-title":"Age effects on neural representation and perception of silence duration cues in speech","volume":"62","author":"Roque","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.58.2.379","article-title":"Timing of spike initiation in cochlear afferents: dependence on site of innervation","volume":"58","author":"Ruggero","year":"1987","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.05.025","article-title":"Why middle-aged listeners have trouble hearing in everyday settings","volume":"22","author":"Ruggles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.04.003","article-title":"Brainstem responses to speech syllables","volume":"115","author":"Russo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.01.108","article-title":"Deficient brainstem encoding of pitch in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"119","author":"Russo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib80","first-page":"100","article-title":"An analysis of the parameters used in speech ABR assessment protocols","volume":"14","author":"Sanfins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Int. Adv. Otol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10782","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1595-16.2016","article-title":"Involvement of the serotonin transporter gene in accurate subcortical speech encoding","volume":"36","author":"Selinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181cdb272","article-title":"Auditory brain stem response to complex sounds: a tutorial","volume":"31","author":"Skoe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib83","first-page":"104","article-title":"Hearing it again and again: on-line subcortical plasticity in humans","volume":"243","author":"Skoe","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.01.020","article-title":"Cross-phaseogram: objective neural index of speech sound differentiation","volume":"196","author":"Skoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17221","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2102-13.2013","article-title":"The impoverished brain: disparities in maternal education affect the neural response to sound","volume":"33","author":"Skoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.03.009","article-title":"The auditory brainstem is a barometer of rapid auditory learning","author":"Skoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht311","article-title":"Stability and plasticity of auditory brainstem function across the lifespan Cereb","volume":"25","author":"Skoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.02.049","article-title":"Basic neural processing of sound in adults is influenced by bilingual experience","volume":"349","author":"Skoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(77)90282-6","article-title":"Sources of frequency following responses (FFR) in man","volume":"42","author":"Sohmer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.07.009","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the speech-evoked auditory brainstem response","volume":"122","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20131","article-title":"Plasticity in the adult human auditory brainstem following short-term linguistic training","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06617.x","article-title":"Musical experience and neural efficiency - effects of training on subcortical processing of vocal expressions of emotion","volume":"29","author":"Strait","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht103","article-title":"Musicians' enhanced neural differentiation of speech sounds arises early in life: developmental evidence from ages 3 to 30","volume":"24","author":"Strait","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebr. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.01.014","article-title":"Frequency-dependent fine structure in the frequency-following response: the byproduct of multiple generators","volume":"348","author":"Tichko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14981","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0612-13.2013","article-title":"The ability to move to a beat is linked to the consistency of neural responses to sound","volume":"33","author":"Tierney","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib96","series-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","article-title":"Music training alters the course of adolescent auditory development","author":"Tierney","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00855","article-title":"High school music classes enhance the neural processing of speech","volume":"4","author":"Tierney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000411","article-title":"Brainstem evoked potential indices of subcortical auditory processing after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"38","author":"Vander Werff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.09.001","article-title":"Inferior colliculus contributions to phase encoding of stop consonants in an animal model","volume":"282","author":"Warrier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw293","article-title":"Individual differences in human auditory processing: insights from single-trial auditory midbrain activity in an animal model","volume":"27","author":"White-Schwoch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebr. Cortex"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw293","article-title":"Individual differences in human auditory processing: insights from single-trial auditory midbrain activity in an animal model","volume":"27","author":"White-Schwoch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebr. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00112.2019","article-title":"Case studies in neuroscience: Subcortical origins of the frequency-following response","volume":"122","author":"White-Schwoch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002196","article-title":"Auditory processing in noise: a preschool biomarker for literacy","volume":"13","author":"White-Schwoch","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1872","article-title":"Musical experience shapes human brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch patterns","volume":"10","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.05.002","article-title":"Effects of formant proximity and stimulus prototypicality on the neural discrimination of vowels: Evidence from the auditory frequency-following response","volume":"194","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4807498","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of spectral magnitude and phase-locking value analyses of the frequency-following response to complex tones","volume":"134","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378595519302990?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378595519302990?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:51:56Z","timestamp":1759920716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378595519302990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":106,"alternative-id":["S0378595519302990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-5955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-5955","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Analyzing the FFR: A tutorial for decoding the richness of auditory function","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Hearing Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2019.107779","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107779"}}