{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:04:05Z","timestamp":1789761845591,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001230","name":"Macquarie University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008626","name":"Cochlear","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008626","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IE250100229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IE250100229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hearing Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T23:38:17Z","timestamp":1784763497000},"page":"109751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Near-field recordings expose the limits of far-field measures of peripheral vestibular nerve activity: implications for experimental controls"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"480","author":[{"given":"Jade D.","family":"Mansell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel Ramos","family":"de Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya Lang","family":"Enke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Asadnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian S.","family":"Curthoys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1985-1705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Pastras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0001","series-title":"Electroencephalography (EEG)","first-page":"1237","volume":"2","author":"Blinowska","year":"2006"},{"issue":"sup520","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489509125206","article-title":"Short latency vestibular evoked responses to linear acceleration stimuli in small mammals: masking effects and experimental applications","volume":"115","author":"Bohmer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000357587","article-title":"Does vestibular end-organ function recover after gentamicin-induced trauma in guinea pigs?","volume":"19","author":"Bremer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurotol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.05.011","article-title":"Changes in utricular function during artificial endolymph injections in guinea pigs","volume":"304","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2017.00034","article-title":"Electrophysiological measurements of peripheral vestibular function\u2014a review of electrovestibulography","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3602-5","article-title":"Evidence for the utricular origin of the vestibular short-latency-evoked potential (VsEP) to bone-conducted vibration in guinea pig","volume":"229","author":"Chihara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.03-05-00942.1983","article-title":"Analysis of the microphonic potential of the bullfrog\u2019s sacculus","volume":"3","author":"Corey","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.695179","article-title":"Similarities and differences between vestibular and cochlear systems \u2013 A review of clinical and physiological evidence","volume":"15","author":"Curthoys","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0544-1","article-title":"Bone conducted vibration selectively activates irregular primary otolithic vestibular neurons in the guinea pig","volume":"175","author":"Curthoys","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2499-5","article-title":"Vestibular primary afferent responses to sound and vibration in the guinea pig","volume":"210","author":"Curthoys","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.02.028","article-title":"Prestin-based outer hair cell motility is necessary for mammalian cochlear amplification","volume":"58","author":"Dallos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1965.030.01.020","article-title":"A model for transducer action in the cochlea","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"1965","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(82)90062-1","article-title":"Recording of short latency vestibular evoked potentials to acceleration in rats by means of skin electrodes","volume":"53","author":"Elidan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1976.39.5.970","article-title":"Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating otolith organs of the squirrel monkey. I. Response to static tilts and to long-duration centrifugal force","volume":"39","author":"Fernandez","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90407-5","article-title":"Evolution of the clinical electrocardiogram","volume":"14","author":"Fisch","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1909497","article-title":"Synchrony of neural activity in electric responses evoked by transient acoustic stimuli","volume":"30","author":"Goldstein","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0017","first-page":"246","article-title":"The ampullar endolymphatic potential in the guinea pigs","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889.0402.06","article-title":"Automated infant hearing screening using the ABR","volume":"4","author":"Herrmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.07.012","article-title":"Making an effort to listen: mechanical amplification in the ear","volume":"59","author":"Hudspeth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2004.02.011","article-title":"Effects of selected pharmacological agents on avian auditory and vestibular compound action potentials","volume":"195","author":"Irons-Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/94.4.681","article-title":"Auditory-evoked far fields averaged from the scalp of humans","volume":"94","author":"Jewett","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1910239","article-title":"Membrane resistance in endolymphatic walls of the first turn of the guinea-pig cochlea","volume":"40","author":"Johnstone","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487809121422","article-title":"Subjective detection of vertical acceleration: a velocity-dependent response?","volume":"85","author":"Jones","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.01.066","article-title":"A comparison of vestibular and auditory phenotypes in inbred mouse strains","volume":"1091","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(92)90007-5","article-title":"Vestibular short latency responses to pulsed linear acceleration in unanesthetized animals","volume":"82","author":"Jones","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(99)00110-0","article-title":"Short latency compound action potentials from mammalian gravity receptor organs","volume":"136","author":"Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-008-0132-0","article-title":"Resting discharge patterns of macular primary afferents in otoconia-deficient mice","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.05.005","article-title":"The adequate stimulus for mammalian linear vestibular evoked potentials (VsEPs)","volume":"280","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-0709(89)90108-7","article-title":"Short latency vestibular responses to pulsed linear acceleration","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2004.07.008","article-title":"Responses of primary vestibular neurons to galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) in the anaesthetised guinea pig","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-010-1298-8","article-title":"The effect of changes in perilymphatic K+ on the vestibular evoked potential in the guinea pig","volume":"267","author":"Kingma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14306","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.25.14306","article-title":"Active hair-bundle movements can amplify a hair cell\u2019s response to oscillatory mechanical stimuli","volume":"96","author":"Martin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489709117994","article-title":"Physiological and anatomical study of click-sensitive primary vestibular afferents in the guinea pig","volume":"117","author":"Murofushi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.674100","article-title":"Vestibular-evoked cerebral potentials","volume":"12","author":"Nakul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0035","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council. (n.d.). The 3Rs \u2013 replacement, reduction and refinement | NHMRC. Retrieved June 29, 2026, from https:\/\/www.nhmrc.gov.au\/research-policy\/ethics\/animal-ethics\/3rs."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/000164801300006290","article-title":"The vestibular evoked response to linear, alternating, acceleration pulses without acoustic masking as a parameter of vestibular function","volume":"121","author":"Oei","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13710-4","article-title":"Retinoic acid degradation shapes zonal development of vestibular organs and sensitivity to transient linear accelerations","volume":"11","author":"Ono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00240229","article-title":"Origin of the endolymphatic DC potential in the cochlea and ampulla of the guinea pig","volume":"248","author":"Ono","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres13060079","article-title":"Vestibular testing\u2014new physiological results for the optimization of clinical VEMP stimuli","volume":"13","author":"Pastras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Audiol. Res."},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7149","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1417-23.2023","article-title":"Evidence that ultrafast nonquantal transmission underlies synchronized vestibular action potential generation","volume":"43","author":"Pastras","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.07.015","article-title":"In vivo recording of the vestibular microphonic in mammals","volume":"354","author":"Pastras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37102-3","article-title":"Using macular velocity measurements to relate parameters of bone conduction to vestibular compound action potential responses","volume":"13","author":"Pastras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2021.108259","article-title":"Summating potentials from the utricular macula of anaesthetized guinea pigs","volume":"406","author":"Pastras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-020-00769-w","article-title":"Utricular sensitivity during hydrodynamic displacements of the Macula","volume":"21","author":"Pastras","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-5597(97)00062-2","article-title":"Short latency vestibular evoked potentials (VsEPs) to linear acceleration impulses in rats","volume":"104","author":"Plotnik","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.\/Evoked Potentials Sect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-005-0010-y","article-title":"Efferent-mediated fluctuations in vestibular nerve discharge: a novel, positive-feedback mechanism of efferent control","volume":"6","author":"Plotnik","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.014","article-title":"Age-related central gain with degraded neural synchrony in the auditory brainstem of mice and humans","volume":"115","author":"Rumschlag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"issue":"5898","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/301334a0","article-title":"Origin of the receptor potential in inner hair cells of the mammalian cochlea\u2014evidence for Davis\u2019 theory","volume":"301","author":"Russell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(63)90105-1","article-title":"Types of endolymphatic potentials","volume":"10","author":"Schmidt","year":"1963","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/000348946707600211","article-title":"Cochlear action potentials recorded from the external ear in man","volume":"76","author":"Sohmer","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.107.3.453","article-title":"Another role for melanocytes: their importance for normal stria vascularis development in the mammalian inner ear","volume":"107","author":"Steel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2007.07.008","article-title":"Attachment of the utricular and saccular maculae to the temporal bone","volume":"233","author":"Uzun-Coruhlu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00453769","article-title":"Vestibular microphonic potentials in pigeons","volume":"243","author":"Wit","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-013-0428-6","article-title":"Input\u2013output functions of vestibular afferent responses to air-conducted clicks in rats","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."}],"container-title":["Hearing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378595526002224?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378595526002224?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:11:56Z","timestamp":1789758716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378595526002224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0378595526002224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-5955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-5955","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Near-field recordings expose the limits of far-field measures of peripheral vestibular nerve activity: implications for experimental controls","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Hearing Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2026.109751","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109751"}}