{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T20:51:29Z","timestamp":1783630289111,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,16]],"date-time":"2016-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["heliyon.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heliyon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]],"date-time":"2016-09-20T19:48:18Z","timestamp":1474400898000},"page":"e00159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["PTB and TIAR binding to insulin mRNA 3\u2032- and 5\u2032UTRs; implications for insulin biosynthesis and messenger stability"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Rikard G.","family":"Fred","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syrina","family":"Mehrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Welsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.suppl_2.S97","article-title":"Mechanisms of pancreatic beta-cell death in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: many differences, few similarities","volume":"54 Suppl 2","author":"Cnop","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81106-X","article-title":"Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"85","author":"Tisch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1210\/10.1210\/er.2006-0038","article-title":"beta-cell failure in diabetes and preservation by clinical treatment","volume":"28","author":"Wajchenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M108340200","article-title":"Control of insulin mRNA stability in rat pancreatic islets. Regulatory role of a 3'-untranslated region pyrimidine-rich sequence","volume":"277","author":"Tillmar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1250","article-title":"Minireview: global regulation and dynamics of ribonucleic Acid","volume":"151","author":"Keene","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1256904","article-title":"A systems view of mRNP biology","volume":"18","author":"Hieronymus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22553","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011214200","article-title":"Cooperativity between the preproinsulin mRNA untranslated regions is necessary for glucose-stimulated translation","volume":"276","author":"Wicksteed","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.02.007","article-title":"A cis-element in the 5' untranslated region of the preproinsulin mRNA (ppIGE) is required for glucose regulation of proinsulin translation","volume":"5","author":"Wicksteed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.10.3281-3288.2001","article-title":"Polypyrimidine tract binding protein antagonizes exon definition","volume":"21","author":"Wagner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.16.2522","article-title":"The upstream sequence element of the C2 complement poly(A) signal activates mRNA 3' end formation by two distinct mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Moreira","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80345-7","article-title":"A Xenopus protein related to hnRNP I has a role in cytoplasmic RNA localization","volume":"4","author":"Cote","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.339105","article-title":"Identification of a motif that mediates polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-dependent internal ribosome entry","volume":"19","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.12.147","article-title":"Increased expression of polypyrimidine tract binding protein results in higher insulin mRNA levels","volume":"328","author":"Fred","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.08.030","article-title":"The human insulin mRNA is partly translated via a cap- and eIF4A-independent mechanism","volume":"412","author":"Fred","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2014.05.002","article-title":"PTBP1 is required for glucose-stimulated cap-independent translation of insulin granule proteins and Coxsackieviruses in beta cells","volume":"3","author":"Knoch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1099","article-title":"Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein promotes insulin secretory granule biogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Knoch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060255","article-title":"Diverse RNA-binding proteins interact with functionally related sets of RNAs, suggesting an extensive regulatory system","volume":"6","author":"Hogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800375-JLR200","article-title":"Identification of mRNA binding proteins that regulate the stability of LDL receptor mRNA through AU-rich elements","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58447","article-title":"A genetically engineered human pancreatic \u03b2 cell line exhibiting glucose-inducible insulin secretion","volume":"121","author":"Ravassard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1021\/ac990811p","article-title":"Electron capture dissociation for structural characterization of multiply charged protein cations","volume":"72","author":"Zubarev","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200601240","article-title":"Complementary sequence preferences of electron-capture dissociation and vibrational excitation in fragmentation of polypeptide polycations","volume":"45","author":"Savitski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.T400022-MCP200","article-title":"Improving protein identification using complementary fragmentation techniques in fourier transform mass spectrometry","volume":"4","author":"Nielsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14146","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.190553","article-title":"Glucose-stimulated translation regulation of insulin by the 5' UTR-binding proteins","volume":"286","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.01.016","article-title":"RNA-binding protein HuD controls insulin translation","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(96)00238-0","article-title":"The class III POU factor Brn-4 interacts with other class III POU factors and the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U","volume":"45","author":"Malik","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8276","DOI":"10.1021\/bi970480f","article-title":"The scaffold\/matrix attachment region binding protein hnRNP-U (SAF-A) is directly bound to chromosomal DNA in vivo: a chemical cross-linking study","volume":"36","author":"Gohring","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05331.x","article-title":"Primary structure and binding activity of the hnRNP U protein: binding RNA through RGG box","volume":"11","author":"Kiledjian","year":"1992","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600677","article-title":"Intronic CA-repeat and CA-rich elements: a new class of regulators of mammalian alternative splicing","volume":"24","author":"Hui","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8782","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.11.8782-8788.1998","article-title":"Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L interacts with the 3' border of the internal ribosomal entry site of hepatitis C virus","volume":"72","author":"Hahm","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25606","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M802492200","article-title":"Separate cis-trans pathways post-transcriptionally regulate murine CD154 (CD40 ligand) expression: a novel function for CA repeats in the 3'-untranslated region","volume":"283","author":"Hamilton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2009.11.020","article-title":"Eukaryotic stress granules: the ins and outs of translation","volume":"36","author":"Buchan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.5.1629","article-title":"The RNA-binding protein TIAR is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during Fas-mediated apoptotic cell death","volume":"92","author":"Taupin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)38765-3","article-title":"Control of insulin gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells and in an insulin-producing cell line, RIN-5F cells. II. Regulation of insulin mRNA stability","volume":"260","author":"Welsh","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2350459","article-title":"Translational control of insulin biosynthesi. Evidence for regulation of elongation, initiation and signal-recognition-particle-mediated translational arrest by glucose","volume":"235","author":"Welsh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.2007.S64","article-title":"beta-cell apoptosis and defense mechanisms: lessons from type 1 diabetes","volume":"50 Suppl 1","author":"Eizirik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.4093\/kdj.2010.34.5.312","article-title":"The Effect of Tribbles-Related Protein 3 on ER Stress-Suppressed Insulin Gene Expression in INS-1Cells","volume":"34","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean Diabetes J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200309008","article-title":"Cytoplasmic foci are sites of mRNA decay in human cells","volume":"165","author":"Cougot","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.19.120185.002335","article-title":"Structure and evolution of the insulin gene","volume":"19","author":"Steiner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.2.510-525.2003","article-title":"Delineation of a novel pathway that regulates CD154 (CD40 ligand) expression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.2003.03968.x","article-title":"A multi-protein complex containing cold shock domain (Y-box) and polypyrimidine tract binding proteins forms on the vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA. Potential role in mRNA stabilization","volume":"271","author":"Coles","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.62.2.423","article-title":"Inflammation modulates the interaction of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) I\/polypyrimidine tract binding protein and hnRNP L with the 3'untranslated region of the murine inducible nitric-oxide synthase mRNA","volume":"62","author":"Soderberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.5.3336","article-title":"A polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-dependent pathway of mRNA stability initiates with CpG activation of primary B cells","volume":"181","author":"Porter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010843","article-title":"High glucose suppresses human islet insulin biosynthesis by inducing miR-133a leading to decreased polypyrimidine tract binding protein-expression","volume":"5","author":"Fred","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1500707","article-title":"MicroRNAs regulate the expression of the alternative splicing factor nPTB during muscle development","volume":"21","author":"Boutz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101084","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101084","article-title":"miR-196b-mediated translation regulation of mouse insulin2 via the 5\u2032UTR","volume":"9","author":"Panda","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8582","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.16.8582-8592.2004","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus 1 induces cytoplasmic accumulation of TIA-1\/TIAR and both synthesis and cytoplasmic accumulation of tristetraprolin, two cellular proteins that bind and destabilize AU-rich RNAs","volume":"78","author":"Esclatine","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2007.02.011","article-title":"P bodies and the control of mRNA translation and degradation","volume":"25","author":"Parker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(07)31005-7","article-title":"Mammalian stress granules and processing bodies","volume":"431","author":"Kedersha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36157","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302547200","article-title":"The proximal region of the 3'-untranslated region of cyclooxygenase-2 is recognized by a multimeric protein complex containing HuR, TIA-1, TIAR, and the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U","volume":"278","author":"Cok","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Heliyon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844016301797?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844016301797?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T22:03:24Z","timestamp":1657317804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405844016301797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2405844016301797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-8440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-8440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"PTB and TIAR binding to insulin mRNA 3\u2032- and 5\u2032UTRs; implications for insulin biosynthesis and messenger stability","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heliyon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00159","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e00159"}}