{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T09:08:15Z","timestamp":1794042495213,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heliyon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T00:16:06Z","timestamp":1568765766000},"page":"e02485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Preliminary review of mine air pollution in Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Phenny","family":"Mwaanga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathews","family":"Silondwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kasali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Banda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.09.058","article-title":"Accumulation of heavy metals in edible parts of vegetables irrigated with waste water and their daily intake to adults and children, District Mardan, Pakistan","volume":"136","author":"Amin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Twelve power stations must be cleaned up","author":"Anon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acid News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.08.030","article-title":"Health effects of air pollution","volume":"114","author":"Bernstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a268","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.120-a268","article-title":"CDC updates guidelines for children's lead exposure","volume":"120","author":"Betts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib5","series-title":"Mopani Copper Mines Conflict","author":"Burnett","year":"2015"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2016.06.015","article-title":"Tuberculosis in the mines of Zambia: a case for intervention","volume":"6","author":"Chanda-Kapata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib7","series-title":"Pollution in Copperbelt Province of Zambia: Case Study of Kankoyo. Counter Balance","author":"Center for Trade & Development","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1989.tb01913.x","article-title":"The effect of air pollutants on physiological processes in plants","volume":"12","author":"Darrel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib10","series-title":"Zambia Environmental Outlook Report 3","author":"Environmental Council of Zambia","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib11","series-title":"Heavy Metals in Wastes, European Commission on Environment","author":"European Union","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib12","series-title":"For Whom the Windfalls? Losers and Winners in the Privatization of Zambia\u2019s Copper Mines","author":"Fraser","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib14","series-title":"National Study on Recording and Notification of Occupational Accidents and Diseases in Zambia. Lusaka","first-page":"41","author":"Hayumbu","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph5020086","article-title":"Cross-sectional silica exposure measurements at two Zambian copper mines of Nkana and Mufulira","volume":"5","author":"Hayumbu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib16","series-title":"Database of Food Additives and Pollutants","author":"Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food (JECFA)","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.012","article-title":"Human health effects of air pollution","volume":"151","author":"Kampa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib18","series-title":"Assessment of the Effects Air Pollution on the Environment in Mufulira on Copperbelt Province of Zambia","author":"Kapungwe","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2013.10.004","article-title":"Response of Enchytraeus crypticus worms to high metal levels in tropical soils polluted by copper smelting","volume":"144","author":"Kone\u010dn\u00fd","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.11.2371","article-title":"Determination of Quartz and its abundance in Respirable Airborne Dust in both coal and metal mines in India","volume":"26","author":"Kumari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2014.02.009","article-title":"Concentrations of arsenic, copper, cobalt lead and zinc in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) growing on uncontaminated and contaminated soils of the Zambian Copperbelt","volume":"99","author":"K\u0159\u00edbek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Afr. Earth Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30025-2","article-title":"Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study","author":"Lanphear","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib23","series-title":"Air Quality, Preparation of Phase 2 of a Consolidated Environmental Management Plan, Project Report, ZCCM Investments Holdings, Copperbelt Environmental Project, Lusaka, Zambia","author":"Leif","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2003.08.006","article-title":"Particulate air pollutants and asthma: a paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.028","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in ambient particulate matter \u2013 induced lung disease and its implication in the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib26","article-title":"Environmental Impacts of Mining in Zambia: towards better environmental management and sustainable exploitation of mineral resources","author":"Lindahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geol. Survey Swed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.215","article-title":"Assessment of the bioavailability, bioaccessibility and transfer of heavy metals in the soil-grain-human systems near a mining and smelting area in NW China","volume":"609","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2007.09.020","article-title":"Silicosis: a review","volume":"53","author":"Michael","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib29","series-title":"Annual Economic Report","author":"Ministry of Finance","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2005.11.3.259","article-title":"Silicosis and tuberculosis in Zambian miners","volume":"11","author":"Mulenga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.09.007","article-title":"Metal and metalloid contamination in roadside soil and wild rats around a Pb\u2013Zn mine in Kabwe, Zambia","volume":"159","author":"Nakayama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib32","first-page":"34","article-title":"Air pollution on the Copperbelt province of Zambia; effects of sulphur dioxide on vegetation and humans","volume":"3","author":"Ncube","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nat. Environ. Sci.s"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e174","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30049-4","article-title":"Placental promoter methylation of DNA repair genes and prenatal exposure to particulate air pollution: an ENVIRONAGE cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Neven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib34","series-title":"The Report of the Auditor General on the Management of Environmental Degradation Caused by Mining Activities in Zambia","author":"OAG","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200000185","article-title":"Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine","volume":"74","author":"Oberdorster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib36","series-title":"Baseline Ambient Air Quality Study for Zambia","author":"Olli","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1961.10662823","article-title":"Silicosis in northern rhodesia copper mines","volume":"2","author":"Paul","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease","volume":"109","author":"Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.03.012","article-title":"Impacts of particulate matter pollution on plants: implications for environmental biomonitoring","volume":"129","author":"Rai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib41","first-page":"359","article-title":"Detrimental effect of air pollution, corrosion on building materials and historical structures","volume":"03","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Eng. Res. (AJER)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib42","series-title":"Zambia\u2019s Mining Industry: the First 50 Years","author":"RCCM","year":"1978"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(10)60402-0","article-title":"Seedling growth and metal accumulation of selected woody species in copper and lead\/zinc mine tailings Seedling growth and metal accumulation of selected woody species in copper and lead\/zinc mine tailings","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib44","series-title":"How European Development Money Has Fed a Mining Scandal","article-title":"Counter balance: challenging the european investment bank; the Mopani copper mine, Zambia","author":"Simpere","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib45","series-title":"Status of Air Pollution in Zambia","author":"Simukanga","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib46","series-title":"Copper Mining in Zambia, the Developmental Legacy of Privatization","first-page":"1","author":"Simutanyi","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib47","first-page":"15","article-title":"Acid rain and its ecological consequences, a review paper","volume":"29","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib48","series-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Silicosis in Zambian Former Mineworkers, Master of Public Health Thesis","author":"Sitembo","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(03)00280-6","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in pulmonary inflammation by ambient particulates","volume":"35","author":"Tao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2010.04.001","article-title":"Enchytraeid and earthworm communities along a pollution gradient near Olkusz (southern Poland)","volume":"46","author":"Tosza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2016.08.024","article-title":"An economic assessment of the health effects and crop yield losses caused by air pollution in mainland China","volume":"56","author":"Weijie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib52","series-title":"Zambia - Copperbelt Environment Project","author":"World Bank","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.09.028","article-title":"Lead poisoning in children from townships in the vicinity of a lead zinc mine in Kabwe, Zambia","volume":"119","author":"Yabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.03.079","article-title":"Lead and cadmium excretion in feces and urine of children from polluted townships near a lead-zinc mine in Kabwe, Zambia Lead and cadmium excretion in feces and urine of children from polluted townships near a lead-zinc mine in Kabwe, Zambia","volume":"202","author":"Yabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30001-9","article-title":"Ambient air pollution in relation to diabetes and glucose-homoeostasis markers in China: a cross-sectional study with findings from the 33 Communities Chinese Health Study","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib56","series-title":"The Water Resources Master Plan of Zambia","author":"YEC","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib57","series-title":"A\u00a0Report Prepared by Environmental Council of Zambia","author":"Environmental Council of Zambia and Zambia Environment Outlook Report 3","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib58","series-title":"An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Musakashi River Catchment and its Tributaries: an Independent Impact Assessment of Industrial Mining Waste Pollution in Chambishi","author":"Zambia Institute of Environmental Management","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib59","series-title":"The Zambia Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative Annual Activity Progress Report for 2016","author":"ZEITI","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3390\/su9040488","article-title":"Estimates of economic loss of materials caused by acid deposition in China","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustainability"}],"container-title":["Heliyon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844019361456?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844019361456?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T16:45:05Z","timestamp":1738687505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405844019361456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2405844019361456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-8440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-8440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Preliminary review of mine air pollution in Zambia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heliyon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e02485"}}