{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T19:56:13Z","timestamp":1776455773260,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003419","name":"Ghana Education Trust Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heliyon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T16:00:38Z","timestamp":1591286438000},"page":"e04017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Iron-focussed nutritional status of mothers with children (6\u201359 months) in rural northern Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2538-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda Ariba Zarhari","family":"Abu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3907-304X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques Eugene","family":"Raubenheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4819-4110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violet","family":"Louise van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70001-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995-2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data","volume":"1","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Heal."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.107896","article-title":"Maternal anemia and risk of adverse birth and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis1,2","volume":"103","author":"Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110693","article-title":"The proportion of anemia associated with iron deficiency in low, medium, and high Human Development Index countries: a systematic analysis of national surveys","volume":"8","author":"Petry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-508325","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010","volume":"123","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib5","series-title":"Ghana: Landscape Analysis of Anemia and Anemia Programming","author":"SPRING Ghana Health Services","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S238","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S129","article-title":"Conclusions of a WHO Technical Consultation on folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies","volume":"29","author":"Benoist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2015.2.10289","article-title":"The impact of maternal iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia on child's health","volume":"36","author":"Abu-Ouf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib8","series-title":"Ghana Micronutrient Survey","author":"University of Ghana, GroundWork, University of Wisconsin-Madison, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust, UNICEF","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib9","series-title":"Ghana Launches a Food Fortification Program","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib10","series-title":"Ghana Health Service (GHS), ICF Internationa. Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Demographic and Health Survey 2014. 2014","author":"Ghana, Statistical Service (GSS)","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib11","series-title":"Micronutrient Forum. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","article-title":"Incorporating adult learning principles in an intervention implementation: experiences from an iron deficiency (ID) education program in Ghana","author":"Abu","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib12","series-title":"Micronutrient Forum. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","article-title":"Designing interventions for resource poor communities with low literacy: an example of an iron deficiency (ID) education program in Ghana","author":"Abu","year":"2013"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding iron deficiency among mothers in an anemia endemic population in Northern Region of Ghana","volume":"9","author":"Abu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.04.012","article-title":"Pica practices among apparently healthy women and their young children in Ghana","volume":"177","author":"Abu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib15","series-title":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, ORC Macro. Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2003","author":"Ghana Statistical Service","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2014.964230","article-title":"Household food security and hunger in rural and urban communities in the Free State Province, South Africa","volume":"54","author":"Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Food Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib17","first-page":"29S","article-title":"The community childhood hunger identification project: a model of domestic hunger\u2014demonstration project in Seattle, Washington","volume":"24","author":"Wehler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Educ. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib18","series-title":"Principles of Nutritional Assessment","first-page":"259","author":"Gibson","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib19","series-title":"Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity","author":"Kennedy","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib20","series-title":"Nutritional Assessment","author":"Lee","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib21","series-title":"HarvestPlus Technical Monographs 8: an Interactive 24-hour Recall for Assessing the Adequacy of Iron and Zinc Intakes in Developing Countries","author":"Gibson","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib22","series-title":"Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. World Health Organization - Technical Report Series 894","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib23","series-title":"Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients","author":"Allen","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib24","series-title":"Vitamin and mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition","author":"Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Consultation on Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib26","series-title":"Comprehensive Food Security & Vulnerability Analysis Guidelines (CFSVA): Republic of Ghana","author":"Biederlack","year":"2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib27","first-page":"334","article-title":"Food security situation in northern Ghana, coping strategies and related constraints","volume":"3","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Agric. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib28","first-page":"86","article-title":"The impact of irrigation on the nutritional status of children in the Sissala west district of Ghana","volume":"4","author":"Steiner-Asiedu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib29","series-title":"Coping with Household Food Insecurity during the Lean Season: Strategies Employed by Smallholder Farmers in Navrongo, Ghana","author":"Amakye","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000480743","article-title":"Clinical implications of new insights into hepcidin-mediated regulation of iron absorption and metabolism","volume":"71","author":"Prentice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.07.001","article-title":"Protein energy malnutrition","volume":"56","author":"Grover","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib32","series-title":"Sheabutter Processing","author":"Peace Corps Ghana","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib33","series-title":"Iron Physiology and Pathophysiology in Humans Nutrition and Health Series","first-page":"91","article-title":"Iron nutrition","author":"Leong","year":"2012"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2009.09.024","article-title":"Anaemia control: lessons from the flour fortification programme","volume":"123","author":"Sadighi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib35","series-title":"A\u00a0Reflection of the South African maize Meal and Wheat Flour Fortification Programme (2004 to 2007)","author":"UNICEF South Africa, The Department of Health South Africa","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib36","first-page":"S47","article-title":"Successful food-based programmes, supplementation and fortification","volume":"43","author":"Venkesh Mannar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6093747","article-title":"Dietary determinants of and possible solutions to iron deficiency for young women living in industrialized countries: a review","volume":"6","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib38","series-title":"Nutrition and Heath: Dietary Fiber in Health and Disease","author":"Dreher","year":"2018"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2017.08.004","article-title":"Iron deficiency anaemia","volume":"27","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Heal. (United Kingdom)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib40","article-title":"Nutrient and anti-nutrient compositions of new crop varieties of cowpea (vigna unguiculata L.) and maize (Zea mays L.)","volume":"33","author":"Bala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Niger J. Nutr. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3109\/09637489809089391","article-title":"Nutrient composition and amino acid pattern of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, Fabaceae) grown in the Gizan area of Saudi Arabia","volume":"49","author":"Hussain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.439s","article-title":"Legumes and soybeans grown foods: overview of their nutritional profiles and health","volume":"70","author":"Messina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.5367\/oa.2012.0109","article-title":"Role of legumes in sustainable agriculture and food security: an indian perspective","volume":"41","author":"Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"Outlook Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib44","article-title":"Innovations that nourish the planet: Africa\u2019s indigenous crops","author":"Stone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. Indig. Crops"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib45","first-page":"190","article-title":"Nutritional composition of the African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) fruit pulp","volume":"25","author":"Gernah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Niger. Food J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib46","first-page":"123","article-title":"Relationship between food security and irrigation dams: the case of Sissala west district of the Upper West region of Ghana","volume":"2","author":"Abu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib47","first-page":"34","article-title":"Impact of cooking times on some nutritional and anti-nutritional factors of Ivorian breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) flour","volume":"2","author":"Oula\u00ef","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biotechnol. Bioeng. Res."},{"issue":"4\/l3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S293","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265120334S305","article-title":"Implementing large-scale food fortification in Ghana: Lessons learned","volume":"33","author":"Nyumuah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13988","article-title":"Risks of excess iodine intake in Ghana: current situation, challenges, and lessons for the future","volume":"1446","author":"Abu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016003098","article-title":"More than two-thirds of dietary iodine in children in northern Ghana is obtained from bouillon cubes containing iodized salt","volume":"20","author":"Abizari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."}],"container-title":["Heliyon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844020308616?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844020308616?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T04:55:59Z","timestamp":1764219359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405844020308616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2405844020308616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-8440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-8440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Iron-focussed nutritional status of mothers with children (6\u201359 months) in rural northern Ghana","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heliyon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e04017"}}