{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T23:53:01Z","timestamp":1794613981721,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/136\/33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004695","name":"Inyuvesi Yakwazulu-Natali","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016541","name":"Pennsylvania College of Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heliyon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T20:27:40Z","timestamp":1671568060000},"page":"e12463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Spatial distribution, abundance, and infection rates of human schistosome-transmitting snails and related physicochemical parameters in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1581-6788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onyekachi Esther","family":"Nwoko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tawanda","family":"Manyangadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses John","family":"Chimbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.11.004","article-title":"Impact of human schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"19","author":"Adenowo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02273.x","article-title":"Association between socio economic status and schistosomiasis infection in Jinja District, Uganda","volume":"14","author":"Muhumuza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib3","series-title":"Schistosomiasis","author":"WHO","year":"2022"},{"issue":"96","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib4","first-page":"585","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: progress report, 2020\u2013Schistosomiase et g\u00e9ohelminthiases: rapport de situation","volume":"2020","author":"WHO","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.= Relev\u00e9 \u00c9pid\u00e9miol. Hebd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e998","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30271-2","article-title":"Participatory integrated control strategies and elimination of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"7","author":"Mazigo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/20786190.2014.978121","article-title":"A\u00a0study of hurdles in mass treatment of schistosomiasis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"57","author":"Randjelovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"S.\u00a0Afr. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3102-0","article-title":"Treating schistosomiasis among South African high school pupils in an endemic area, a qualitative study","volume":"18","author":"Lothe","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"A\u00a0review of the control of schistosomiasis in South Africa","volume":"111","author":"Magaisa","year":"2015","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib9","series-title":"SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS MAPPING IN KWAZULU-NATAL AND LIMPOPO PROVINCES","author":"Precious","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/21658005.2016.1245934","article-title":"Diversity, distribution and abundance of freshwater snails in Eleyele dam, Ibadan, south-west Nigeria","volume":"27","author":"Oloyede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zool. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"368","author":"Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib13","series-title":"Schistosomiasis: Biology","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.01.004","article-title":"Schistosomiasis elimination by 2020 or 2030?","volume":"46","author":"Fenwick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2006.284","article-title":"Modeling freshwater snail habitat suitability and areas of potential snail-borne disease transmission in Uganda","author":"Stensgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003875706638","article-title":"Distribution of freshwater snails in the man-made Oyan Reservoir, Ogun State, Nigeria","volume":"416","author":"Ofoezie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-226","article-title":"Malacological survey and geographical distribution of vector snails for schistosomiasis within informal settlements of Kisumu City, western Kenya","volume":"4","author":"Opisa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11273-012-9266-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis in wetlands in southern Africa","volume":"20","author":"Appleton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib19","first-page":"117","article-title":"Distribution and habitats of the Bulinus africanus species group, snail intermediate hosts of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mattheei in South Africa","volume":"31","author":"De Kock","year":"2005","journal-title":"WaterSA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib20","first-page":"29","article-title":"Distribution and habitats of Biomphalaria pfeifferi, snail intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, in South Africa","volume":"30","author":"De Kock","year":"2004","journal-title":"WaterSA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1834-5","article-title":"Modelling the spatial and seasonal distribution of suitable habitats of schistosomiasis intermediate host snails using Maxent in Ndumo area, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa","volume":"9","author":"Manyangadze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04720-7","article-title":"Spatial and seasonal distribution of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi in Ingwavuma, uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: implications for schistosomiasis transmission at micro-geographical scale","volume":"14","author":"Manyangadze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0260-z","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the Bulinus globosus\u2014Schistosoma haematobium system","volume":"6","author":"Kalinda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4314\/njpar.v38i2.8","article-title":"Snail fauna and investigations into the incidence of schistosoma infection in Lake of Oguta 1 Region, Imo State, Nigeria","volume":"38","author":"Ejehu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3745-8","article-title":"Freshwater snails of biomedical importance in the Niger River Valley: evidence of temporal and spatial patterns in abundance, distribution and infection with Schistosoma spp","volume":"12","author":"Rabone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib26","first-page":"95","article-title":"Locating bilharzia transmission sites in South Africa: guidelines for public health personnel","volume":"30","author":"Appleton","year":"2015","journal-title":"South. Afr. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib27","series-title":"A\u00a0Field Guide to African Freshwater Snails, Southern African Species","author":"Brown","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2989\/16085914.2020.1753009","article-title":"Changing patterns of Schistosoma host snail population densities in Maun, Botswana","volume":"45","author":"Chimbari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr. J. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib29","first-page":"181","article-title":"An introductory guide to the identification of cercariae from African freshwater snails with special reference to cercariae of trematode species of medical and veterinary importance","volume":"41","author":"Frandsen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009823","article-title":"Species diversity and distribution of schistosome intermediate snail hosts in the Gambia","volume":"15","author":"Joof","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib31","first-page":"378","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R\u00a0J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib32","series-title":"Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R","author":"Zuur","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/lre.12032","article-title":"Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of schistosomiasis host snails in lake and land habitats of western K enya","volume":"18","author":"Ofulla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lakes Reservoirs Res. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib34","first-page":"2267","article-title":"Species diversity, distribution, and abundance of freshwater Snails in KwaZulu-Natal","volume":"14","author":"Nwoko","year":"2022","journal-title":"S.\u00a0Afr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00104-8","article-title":"Use of satellite remote sensing and geographic information systems to model the distribution and abundance of snail intermediate hosts in Africa: a preliminary model for Biomphalaria pfeifferi in Ethiopia","volume":"79","author":"Kristensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/aje.12054","article-title":"Preliminary study on ecology of Bulinus jousseaumei in Schistosoma haematobium endemic rural community of Nigeria","volume":"51","author":"Salawu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246566","article-title":"Land use\/land cover change, physico-chemical parameters and freshwater snails in Yewa North, Southwestern Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"Oso","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01301.x","article-title":"Environmental control of schistosomiasis through community participation in a Moroccan oasis","volume":"9","author":"Boelee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"}],"container-title":["Heliyon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844022037513?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844022037513?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T16:58:41Z","timestamp":1776877121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405844022037513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2405844022037513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-8440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-8440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spatial distribution, abundance, and infection rates of human schistosome-transmitting snails and related physicochemical parameters in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province, South Africa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heliyon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12463","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e12463"}}