{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T04:59:42Z","timestamp":1793941182902,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A1B07050960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A1B07050960"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2022-RD010239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-RD010239"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heliyon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T17:43:53Z","timestamp":1700761433000},"page":"e22804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Kushenol C from Sophora flavescens protects against UVB-induced skin damage in mice through suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Young","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Seo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jang Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon Il","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byoung Ok","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.08.002","article-title":"MLK3 is a direct target of biochanin A, which plays a role in solar UV-induced COX-2 expression in human keratinocytes","volume":"86","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.11.1462","article-title":"Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging","volume":"138","author":"Fisher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30815-5","article-title":"Photoaging: manifestations, prevention, and treatment","volume":"4","author":"Kligman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"issue":"5 Pt1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)81509-5","article-title":"Nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States: incidence","volume":"30","author":"Miller","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-06-0661","article-title":"Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit UVB-induced oxidative stress and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-\u03baB signaling in in vivo SKH-1 hairless mice","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Therapeut."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12492553","article-title":"Mechanism of lipid radical formation following exposure of epidermal homogenate to ultraviolet light","volume":"97","author":"Ogura","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02062.x","article-title":"Topical application of alpha-tocopherol modulates the antioxidant network and diminishes ultraviolet-induced oxidative damage in murine skin","volume":"138","author":"Lopez-Torres","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1039\/c5pp00112a","article-title":"Negative impacts of ultraviolet-A radiation on antioxidant and oxidative stress biomarkers of African catfish Clarias gariepinus","volume":"14","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1021\/jf103204x","article-title":"Tangeretin reduces ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in mouse epidermal cells by blocking mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation","volume":"59","author":"Yoon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12311","article-title":"MLK 3 is a novel target of dehydroglyasperin D for the reduction in UVB\u2010induced COX\u20102 expression in vitro and in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.03.004","article-title":"Topical application of glycolic acid suppresses the UVB induced IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and COX-2 inflammation by modulating NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in keratinocytes and mice skin","volume":"86","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib12","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2: a role in cancer stem cell survival and repopulation of cancer cells during therapy","volume":"2016","author":"Pang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2017.1260544","article-title":"Investigational drugs targeting the prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway for the treatment of inflammatory pain","volume":"26","author":"Gr\u00f6sch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expet Opin. Invest. Drugs"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13313","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.22.13313","article-title":"Pharmacological analysis of cyclooxygenase-1 in inflammation","volume":"95","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5967150","article-title":"Antiskin inflammatory activity of black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) through antioxidative activity","volume":"2018","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(02)00011-4","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2: a therapeutic target in angiogenesis","volume":"9","author":"I\u00f1iguez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2013.12.001","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase enzymes and their naturally derived inhibitors: novel targets in photocarcinoma therapy","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32379","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M503245200","article-title":"T-oligo treatment decreases constitutive and UVB-induced COX-2 levels through p53- and NFkappaB-dependent repression of the COX-2 promoter","volume":"280","author":"Marwaha","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/19.5.723","article-title":"COX-2 expression is induced by UVB exposure in human skin: implications for the development of skin cancer","volume":"19","author":"Buckman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.114.1.131","article-title":"TNF-alpha stimulates activation of pro-MMP2 in human skin through NF-(kappa) B mediated induction of MT1-MMP","volume":"114","author":"Han","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib21","first-page":"226","article-title":"Ultraviolet B irradiation of skin induces mast cell degranulation and release of tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, Immunol","volume":"73","author":"Walsh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib22","article-title":"Collagen: the fibrous proteins of the matrix","author":"Lodish","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060868","article-title":"Role of matrix metalloproteinases in photoaging and photocarcinogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Pittayapruek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1997.tb00164.x","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases in skin","volume":"6","author":"K\u00e4h\u00e4ri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.08.010","article-title":"The matricellular protein periostin contributes to proper collagen function and is downregulated during skin aging","volume":"73","author":"Egbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)80114-9","article-title":"Long-term sun exposure alters the collagen of thepapillary dermis: comparison of sun-protected and photoaged skin by Northern analysis, immunohistochemical staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy","volume":"34","author":"Bernstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"issue":"6563","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/379335a0","article-title":"Molecular basis of sun-induced premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism","volume":"379","author":"Fisher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S243127","article-title":"Anti-tumor activities of bioactive phytochemicals in Sophora flavescens for breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7228","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237228","article-title":"Two new isoprenoid flavonoids from Sophora flavescens with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9915027","article-title":"Determination of alkaloids and flavonoids in Sophora flavescens by UHPLC-Q-TOF\/MS","volume":"2021","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081768","article-title":"In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress activities of kushenol C isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens","volume":"25","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061635","article-title":"Kushenol C prevents tert-butyl hydroperoxide and acetaminophen-induced liver injury","volume":"26","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.02.003","article-title":"Blackberry extract inhibits UVB-induced oxidative damage and inflammation through MAP kinases and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways in SKH-1 mice skin","volume":"284","author":"Divya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a012559","article-title":"DNA base damage by reactive oxygen species, oxidizing agents, and UV radiation","volume":"5","author":"Cadet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib35","first-page":"S129","article-title":"Flavonoids derived from Abelmoschus esculentus attenuates UV-B induced cell damage in human dermal fibroblasts through Nrf2-ARE pathway","volume":"12","author":"Patwardhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phcog. Mag."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2005.38.2.167","article-title":"Differential expression and stability of endogenous nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by natural chemopreventive compounds in HepG2 human hepatoma cells","volume":"38","author":"Jeong","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110300020","article-title":"The role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a therapeutic role for inhibitors of MMPs?","volume":"52","author":"Belvisi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/jidsymp.2009.8","article-title":"Matrix-degrading metalloproteinases in photoaging","volume":"14","author":"Quan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/jidsymp.2009.15","article-title":"The pathogenesis of photoaging: the role of neutrophils and neutrophil-derived enzymes","volume":"14","author":"Rijken","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2005.00162.x","article-title":"Gene expression profiles of TNF\u2010\u03b1, TACE, furin, IL\u20101\u03b2 and matrilysin in UVA\u2010and UVB\u2010irradiated HaCat cells","volume":"21","author":"Skiba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4666(03)00224-2","article-title":"Differential regulation of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6 and IL-10 in UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes via cyclic AMP\/protein kinase A pathway","volume":"23","author":"Grandjean-Laquerriere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib42","first-page":"13","article-title":"UV-A irradiation induces transcription of IL-6 and TNF alpha genes in human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts","volume":"66","author":"Avalos-Diaz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Rhum."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.4.1939","volume":"161","author":"Compton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.13.2.7626290","article-title":"Tryptase, the dominant secretory granular protein in human mast cells, is a potent mitogen for cultured dog tracheal smooth muscle cells","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119290","article-title":"Mast cell tryptase stimulates the synthesis of type I collagen in human lung fibroblasts","volume":"99","author":"Cairns","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.5.2310","article-title":"Human mast cells activate fibroblasts: tryptase is a fibrogenic factor stimulating collagen messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis and fibroblast chemotaxis","volume":"158","author":"Gruber","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Heliyon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844023100120?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844023100120?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:27:58Z","timestamp":1774952878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405844023100120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2405844023100120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-8440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-8440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Kushenol C from Sophora flavescens protects against UVB-induced skin damage in mice through suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heliyon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22804","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e22804"}}