{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T08:38:17Z","timestamp":1781685497530,"version":"3.54.5"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000}}],"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004530","name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9750500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9750500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heliyon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T06:39:03Z","timestamp":1721111943000},"page":"e34710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["RETRACTED: Assessing forest fragmentation due to land use changes from 1992 to 2023: A spatio-temporal analysis using remote sensing data"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Khadim","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaleem","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1564-6491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoaib Ahmad","family":"Anees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhidan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Badshah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ijlal","family":"Haidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamshid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Javed","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh H.","family":"Salmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Yujun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waseem Razzaq","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3390\/f15060975","article-title":"Improving forest above-ground biomass estimation by integrating individual machine learning models","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib2","series-title":"Conservation Issues: Mountain Ecosystems","author":"Foggin","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2018.06.010","article-title":"Major perturbations in the Earth's forest ecosystems. Possible implications for global warming","volume":"185","author":"Pr\u0103v\u0103lie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.102217","article-title":"Estimation of fractional vegetation cover dynamics and its drivers based on multi-sensor data in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan","volume":"34","author":"Anees","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.101848","article-title":"Estimation of fractional vegetation cover dynamics based on satellite remote sensing in Pakistan: a comprehensive study on the FVC and its drivers","volume":"34","author":"Anees","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/02723646.2016.1248212","article-title":"Land-use\/land-cover change and forest fragmentation in the jigme dorji national park, Bhutan","volume":"38","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Geogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib7","first-page":"166","article-title":"Landscape fragmentation and land use and land cover analysis of the hinterland of ranchi: a case study of kanke block, 2001 and 2019","volume":"41","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban India"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12579","article-title":"A framework for integrating thermal biology into fragmentation research","volume":"19","author":"Tuff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-11630-x","article-title":"Assessing the status and spatial-temporal dynamics of the bamenda mountains (BM), north west region of Cameroon","volume":"195","author":"Fopa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3390\/land10060585","article-title":"A review on land use and land cover change in Ethiopian basins","volume":"10","author":"Regasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of major food crops production-based environmental efficiency in China, India, and Pakistan","author":"Aslam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tfp.2024.100521","article-title":"Assessing chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) forest fire severity: remote sensing analysis, correlations, and predictive modeling for enhanced management strategies","author":"Mehmood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trees, Forests and People"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2024.102532","article-title":"Exploring spatiotemporal dynamics of NDVI and climate-driven responses in ecosystems: insights for sustainable management and climate resilience","author":"Mehmood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-018-0214-z","article-title":"GIS and remote sensing-based analysis of the impacts of land use\/land cover change (LULCC) on the environmental sustainability of Ekiti State, southwestern Nigeria","volume":"22","author":"Olorunfemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-022-00402-z","article-title":"Patterns and drivers of tree carbon stocks in Kashmir Himalayan forests: implications for climate change mitigation","volume":"11","author":"Dar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecological Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib16","volume":"6","author":"Ives","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260607","article-title":"Recent global warming as a proximate cause of deforestation and forest degradation in northern Pakistan","volume":"17","author":"Ullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib18","series-title":"Climate Change Due to Increasing Concentration of Carbon Dioxide and its Impacts on Environment in 21st Century; A Mini Review","author":"Kabir","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib19","first-page":"256","article-title":"FISHERIES, ecology, wildlife, freshwater biology, marine biology","volume":"32","author":"Muzaffarabad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zool. Soc. Pakistan Expresses Its Deep Gratitude to Vice Chancellor, Gov. Coll. Univ. Lahore, Pakistan Fac. Members Students Dep. Zool. Extending Warm Hosp"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/cli8020021","article-title":"Forest contribution to climate change mitigation: management oriented to carbon capture and storage","volume":"8","author":"Nunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Climate"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.17803\/2313-5395.2021.2.16.155-198","article-title":"Evolution of the international forest regulation","volume":"8","author":"Gordeeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kutafin Law Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.2787","article-title":"Using web GIS to promote stakeholder understanding of scientific results in sustainable urban development: A case study in Bergen, Norway","volume":"32","author":"Miles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib23","first-page":"194","article-title":"Tourism, threat, and opportunities for the forest resources: a case study of gabin jabaa, district swat, khyber-pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"3","author":"Sohail","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Forest Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42408-024-00289-5","article-title":"Comparing machine learning algorithms to predict vegetation fire detections in Pakistan","volume":"20","author":"Shahzad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fire Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/14616680802643359","article-title":"Vulnerability to climate change of nature-based tourism in the Nepalese Himalayas","volume":"11","author":"Nyaupane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tourism Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-8359-5","article-title":"Identification and future description of warming signatures over Pakistan with special emphasis on evolution of CO 2 levels and temperature during the first decade of the twenty-first century","volume":"24","author":"Haider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/f12010051","article-title":"Monitoring carbon stock and land-use change in 5000-year-old juniper forest stand of Ziarat, Balochistan, through a synergistic approach","volume":"12","author":"Jallat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forests"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2018.1448008","article-title":"A remotely sensed tracking of forest cover and associated temperature change in Margalla hills","volume":"12","author":"Khalid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3590","DOI":"10.3390\/su13073590","article-title":"Use of GIS and remote sensing data to understand the impacts of land use\/land cover changes (LULCC) on snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitat in Pakistan","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib30","first-page":"331","article-title":"Are there differences in the response of natural stand and plantation biomass to changes in temperature and precipitation? A case for two-needled pines in Eurasia","volume":"11","author":"Andreevich","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Resour. Ecol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.01.017","article-title":"Rapid deforestation and fragmentation of Chilean temperate forests","volume":"130","author":"Echeverr\u00eda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib33","article-title":"Plant diversity and conservation status of himalayan region poonch valley azad kashmir (Pakistan)","volume":"27","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62464-7","article-title":"Analyzing vegetation health dynamics across seasons and regions through NDVI and climatic variables","volume":"14","author":"Mehmood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2015.01.014","article-title":"Impact of landscape composition and configuration on forest specialist and generalist bird species in the fragmented Lacandona rainforest, Mexico","volume":"184","author":"Carrara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12989","article-title":"Experiences from the B razilian A tlantic F orest: ecological findings and conservation initiatives","volume":"204","author":"Joly","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.01.028","article-title":"The shrinkage of a forest: landscape-scale deforestation leading to overall changes in local forest structure","volume":"196","author":"Rocha-Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"issue":"7693","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25508","article-title":"Global patterns of tropical forest fragmentation","volume":"554","author":"Taubert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0869-3","article-title":"Sixty years of tracking conservation progress using the World Database on Protected Areas","volume":"3","author":"Bingham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. & Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib40","article-title":"Privately protected areas: missing pieces of the global conservation puzzle","volume":"74","author":"Bingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Conserv. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.3390\/f14071438","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of non-structural carbohydrates in faxon fir (abies fargesii var. faxoniana), subalpine mountains of southwest China","volume":"14","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.11.075","article-title":"Protected areas and agricultural expansion: biodiversity conservation versus economic growth in the Southeast of Brazil","volume":"188","author":"de Moraes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2022.126144","article-title":"Applying a systematic conservation planning tool and ecological risk index for spatial prioritization and optimization of protected area networks in Iran","volume":"66","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib120","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysing LULC transformations using remote sensing data: insights from a multilayer perceptron neural network approach","author":"Hussain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spatial Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib121","article-title":"Dynamics of land use\/land cover considering ecosystem services for a dense-population watershed based on a hybrid dual-subject agent and cellular automaton modeling approach","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-007-9162-y","article-title":"Forest fragmentation and regrowth in an institutional mosaic of community, government and private ownership in Nepal","volume":"23","author":"Nagendra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.18488\/journal.1005\/2016.6.3\/1005.3.50.58","article-title":"Spatio-temporal land use\/land cover analysis of Murree using remote sensing and GIS","volume":"6","author":"Kausar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J. Agric. Rural Dev. [En L\u00ednea]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2021.1920477","article-title":"Forest fire monitoring using spatial-statistical and Geo-spatial analysis of factors determining forest fire in Margalla Hills, Islamabad, Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Tariq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomatics, Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib47","first-page":"209","article-title":"Spatiotemporal land use land cover change analysis and erosion risk mapping of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan","volume":"17","author":"Iqbal","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Egyptian J. Rem. Sens. Space Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.3390\/f13101576","article-title":"Forest cover change and climate variation in subtropical Chir pine forests of murree through GIS","volume":"13","author":"Ansari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forests"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-012-0273-1","article-title":"The inventory of the carbon stocks in sub tropical forests of Pakistan for reporting under Kyoto Protocol","volume":"23","author":"Nizami","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.09.010","article-title":"Predicting land cover using GIS, Bayesian and evolutionary algorithm methods","volume":"90","author":"Aitkenhead","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1176273","article-title":"A refined classification approach by integrating Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) and RADARSAT-2 imagery for land-use and land-cover mapping in a tropical area","volume":"37","author":"Sameen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2021.10.013","article-title":"A repeatable change detection approach to map extreme storm-related damages caused by intense surface runoff based on optical and SAR remote sensing: evidence from three case studies in the South of France","volume":"182","author":"Cerbelaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5415","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2021.1917005","article-title":"Detailed and automated classification of land use\/land cover using machine learning algorithms in Google Earth Engine","volume":"37","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib54","first-page":"33","article-title":"Land cover mapping using remote sensing data","volume":"2020","author":"Al-Doski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.04.002","article-title":"Analysis of clustering methods for crop type mapping using satellite imagery","volume":"492","author":"Rivera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2417864","article-title":"Image enhancement and feature extraction based on low-resolution satellite data","volume":"8","author":"Syrris","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.11.001","article-title":"GA-SVM based feature selection and parameter optimization in hospitalization expense modeling","volume":"75","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib58","first-page":"612","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of GINI index and information gain on classification using decision tree classifier algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Tangirala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2020.12.008","article-title":"On the reliability of predictions on Covid-19 dynamics: a systematic and critical review of modelling techniques","volume":"6","author":"Gnanvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Modell."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3671","article-title":"Establishment of best practices for evidence for prediction: a review","volume":"77","author":"Poldrack","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12071135","article-title":"Land-use land-cover classification by machine learning classifiers for satellite observations\u2014a review","volume":"12","author":"Talukdar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rem. Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib62","series-title":"2020 Intermountain Engineering, Technology and Computing (IETC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research paper classification using supervised machine learning techniques","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib63","series-title":"Proceedings of the First Workshop on Evaluation and Comparison of NLP Systems","first-page":"79","article-title":"Probabilistic extension of precision, recall, and f1 score for more thorough evaluation of classification models","author":"Yacouby","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.3390\/f14112217","article-title":"Using medium-resolution remote sensing satellite images to evaluate recent changes and future development trends of mangrove forests on hainan island, China","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forests"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4490","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114490","article-title":"Detecting and analyzing land use and land cover changes in the region of Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya using time-series landsat data from 1985 to 2017","volume":"12","author":"Alawamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4978","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194978","article-title":"Comparison of land use land cover classifiers using different satellite imagery and machine learning techniques","volume":"14","author":"Basheer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rem. Sens."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5747\/ce.2021.v13.n3.e368","article-title":"Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de superf\u00edcies imperme\u00e1veis em imagem multiespectral com algoritmo de machine learning","volume":"13","author":"Furuya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloquium Exactarum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.3390\/su12041570","article-title":"Stimulating implementation of sustainable development goals and conservation action: predicting future land use\/cover change in Virunga National Park, Congo","volume":"12","author":"Christensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.117024","article-title":"Impacts of land use\/land cover and soil property changes on soil erosion in the black soil region, China","volume":"328","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-023-01968-5","article-title":"A remote sensing approach to estimate variable crop coefficient and evapotranspiration for improved water productivity in the Ethiopian highlands","volume":"13","author":"Mebrie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1025\/1\/012034","article-title":"Change detection analysis in LULC of the upstream Thandava reservoir using RS and GIS applications","volume":"1025","author":"Ramanamurthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-006-9013-2","article-title":"Mapping spatial patterns with morphological image processing","volume":"22","author":"Vogt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.08.009","article-title":"Validating Landsat-based landscape metrics with fine-grained land cover data","volume":"60","author":"Parent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indicat."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-024-01734-6","article-title":"Assessing forest cover changes and fragmentation in the Himalayan Temperate Region: implications for forest conservation and management","volume":"35","author":"Mehmood","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2000.99088.x","article-title":"The ecological road\u2010effect zone of a Massachusetts (USA) suburban highway","volume":"14","author":"Forman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EMAS.0000009240.65355.92","article-title":"A preliminary assessment of Montreal process indicators of forest fragmentation for the United States","volume":"91","author":"Riitters","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib77","article-title":"Land use\/land cover changes assessment and forest fragmentation analysis in the Baroro river watershed, La union, Philippines","volume":"2","author":"Encisa-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Manag."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(02)00335-3","article-title":"Standardizing the calculation of the annual rate of deforestation","volume":"177","author":"Puyravaud","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib79","series-title":"Southern Ethiopia","article-title":"Analysis and prediction of land use\/land cover changes and driving forces by using GIS and remote sensing in the coka watershed","author":"Buraka","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS39084.2020.9323303","article-title":"Land use and land cover change of Ghana","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IGARSS 2020-2020 IEEE Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2016.1194384","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey of environmental health in remote Aboriginal communities in Western Australia","volume":"26","author":"Melody","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40555-014-0090-7","article-title":"Diversity and density of butterfly communities in urban green areas: an analytical approach using GIS","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zool. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-013-0721-2","article-title":"Land fragmentation and variation of ecosystem services in the context of rapid urbanization: the case of Taizhou city, China","volume":"28","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.5552\/crojfe.2022.1340","article-title":"A comparative pattern for populus spp. and betula spp. stand biomass in eurasian climate gradients","volume":"43","author":"Shobairi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Croat. J. For. Eng.: J. Theory and Appl. Forestry Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib85","article-title":"The stoichiometric characteristics and the relationship with hydraulic and morphological traits of the Faxon fir in the subalpine coniferous forest of Southwest China","volume":"159","author":"Anees","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indicat."},{"issue":"Issue 12","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib86","article-title":"The role of land use and land cover change in climate change vulnerability assessments of biodiversity: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2019.1690792","article-title":"Improving accuracy evaluation of Landsat-8 OLI using image composite and multisource data with Google Earth Engine","volume":"11","author":"Adepoju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib88","article-title":"The role of random forest and Markov chain models in understanding metropolitan urban growth trajectory","volume":"7","author":"Badshah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Forests and Glob. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6308","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3026724","article-title":"Support vector machine versus random forest for remote sensing image classification: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Sheykhmousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Rem. Sens."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib90","article-title":"Forest fragmentation analysis from multiple imaging formats","volume":"12","author":"Fynn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Landscape Ecol.(Czech Republic)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22702-2","article-title":"Global land use changes are four times greater than previously estimated","volume":"12","author":"Winkler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112341","article-title":"Land use management recommendations for reducing the risk of downstream flooding based on a land use change analysis and the concept of ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction","volume":"287","author":"Kato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.06.013","article-title":"Forest Resources Assessment of 2015 shows positive global trends but forest loss and degradation persist in poor tropical countries","volume":"352","author":"Sloan","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib94","article-title":"18 Coastal environmental vulnerability","volume":"155","author":"Chouhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Towards Coastal Resilience and Sustain."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892906003134","article-title":"A re-emerging Atlantic forest? Urbanization, industrialization and the forest transition in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil","volume":"33","author":"Baptista","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3390\/land11050630","article-title":"Interactive effects on habitat quality using InVEST and GeoDetector models in Wenzhou, China","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-14-0083.1","article-title":"On the hydrometeorological changes of a tropical water basin in the Caribbean and its sensitivity to midterm changes in regional climate","volume":"16","author":"Comarazamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1940082920947344","article-title":"Phytoextraction potential of Rhizophora apiculata: a case study in Matang mangrove forest reserve, Malaysia","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Conserv. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3390\/f15050747","article-title":"Assessing the productivity of the matang mangrove forest reserve: review of one of the best-managed mangrove forests","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Forests"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-011-0147-3","article-title":"Habitat loss, the dynamics of biodiversity, and a perspective on conservation","volume":"40","author":"Hanski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.3390\/f13081158","article-title":"Association of the female flight ability of asian spongy moths (Lymantria dispar asiatica) with locality, age and mating: a case study from China","volume":"13","author":"Akram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forests"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10344","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-01059-4","article-title":"Assessment of forest fragmentation in a traditional shifting agricultural landscape in Senapati District of Manipur, Northeast India","volume":"23","author":"Devi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib103","first-page":"246","article-title":"Assessment of regeneration response of silver fir (abies pindrow) to slope, aspect, and altitude in miandam area in district swat, khyber-pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"4","author":"Muhammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Forest Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-6228(01)00002-9","article-title":"Species composition in fragmented forests: conservation implications of changing forest area","volume":"21","author":"Hill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.03.038","article-title":"Fragmentation drives tropical forest fragments to early successional states: a modelling study for Brazilian Atlantic forests","volume":"222","author":"P\u00fctz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500052","article-title":"Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems","volume":"1","author":"Haddad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050385","article-title":"Mapping deforestation and forest degradation patterns in western Himalaya, Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"Qamer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rem. Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-021-10437-y","article-title":"Extension of roads towards forest in palas valley Indus kohistan, Hindu kush-himalayan mountains, Pakistan","volume":"87","author":"Haq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geojournal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4236\/ars.2018.72005","article-title":"Appraisal of deforestation in Murree through open source satellite imagery","volume":"7","author":"Jamal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Rem. Sens."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2414-z","article-title":"Dynamics of land use and land cover change (LULCC) using geospatial techniques: a case study of Islamabad Pakistan","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su132212842","article-title":"Urban growth patterns and forest carbon dynamics in the metropolitan twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan","volume":"13","author":"Mannan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3390\/f11090906","article-title":"Patterns for Populus spp. stand biomass in gradients of winter temperature and precipitation of Eurasia","volume":"11","author":"Usoltsev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forests"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/2004_36833698","article-title":"The principle of space-for-time substitution in predicting Betula spp. Biomass change related to climate shifts","volume":"20","author":"Usoltsev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/environments4020034","article-title":"Assessment of land-use\/land-cover change and forest fragmentation in the Garhwal Himalayan Region of India","volume":"4","author":"Batar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environments"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/13504500709469720","article-title":"Forest fragmentation in the Himalaya: a central himalayan case study","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203402","article-title":"CA-Markov chain analysis of seasonal land surface temperature and land use landcover change using optical multi-temporal satellite data of Faisalabad, Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Tariq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rem. Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-009-0101-0","article-title":"A landscape approach for quantifying land-use and land-cover change (1976\u20132006) in middle Himalaya","volume":"10","author":"Munsi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1659\/0276-4741(2001)021[0175:LCCATA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Land cover change along tropical and subtropical riparian corridors within the makalu barun national park and conservation area, Nepal","volume":"21","author":"Zomer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710_bib118","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using fragmentation to assess degradation of forest edges in Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"11","author":"Shapiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbon Bal. Manag."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42225","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"record-id":"65960"},{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000}},{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42225","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000}}],"container-title":["Heliyon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844024107414?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844024107414?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T22:43:31Z","timestamp":1778885011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405844024107414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2405844024107414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-8440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-8440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"RETRACTED: Assessing forest fragmentation due to land use changes from 1992 to 2023: A spatio-temporal analysis using remote sensing data","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heliyon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34710","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e34710"}}