{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:48:17Z","timestamp":1789735697796,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":226,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heliyon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T21:14:47Z","timestamp":1738271687000},"page":"e42226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Toll-like receptors in atopic dermatitis: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4581-1432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Vafaeian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Rajabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3836-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nima","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13401","article-title":"Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in adults: results from an international survey","volume":"73","author":"Barbarot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.012","article-title":"Progressive activation of TH2\/TH22 cytokines and selective epidermal proteins characterizes acute and chronic atopic dermatitis","volume":"130","author":"Gittler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2011.08.023","article-title":"Abnormal epidermal barrier in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis","volume":"30","author":"Wolf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.08.041","article-title":"Mechanical injury polarizes skin dendritic cells to elicit a TH2 response by inducing cutaneous thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression","volume":"126","author":"Oyoshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2013.10.019","article-title":"The role of filaggrin in the skin barrier and disease development","volume":"106","author":"Armengot-Carbo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00820.x","article-title":"Stratum corneum tryptic enzyme in normal epidermis: a missing link in the desquamation process?","volume":"114","author":"Ekholm","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12365.x","article-title":"pH directly regulates epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis, and stratum corneum integrity\/cohesion","volume":"121","author":"Hachem","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12365.x","article-title":"pH directly regulates epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis, and stratum corneum integrity\/cohesion","volume":"121","author":"Hachem","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.05.023","article-title":"Modelling the growth boundaries of Staphylococcus aureus: effect of temperature, pH and water activity","volume":"133","author":"Valero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1011040","article-title":"Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases","volume":"365","author":"Irvine","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04120.x","article-title":"Association of SPINK5 gene polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis in Northeast China","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19991001)37:2<147::AID-CYTO8>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Phenotyping of epidermal dendritic cells: clinical applications of a flow cytometric micromethod","volume":"37","author":"Wollenberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cytometry: The Journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/ni805","article-title":"Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell\u2013mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP","volume":"3","author":"Soumelis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.01.011","article-title":"Group 2 innate lymphoid cells are critical for the initiation of adaptive T helper 2 cell-mediated allergic lung inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Halim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01595","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin isoforms, inflammatory disorders, and cancer","volume":"9","author":"Varricchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130351","article-title":"A role for IL-25 and IL-33\u2013driven type-2 innate lymphoid cells in atopic dermatitis","volume":"210","author":"Salimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201142123","article-title":"DC\u2010derived TSLP promotes T h2 polarization in LPS\u2010primed allergic airway inflammation","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.503","article-title":"In vitro assessment of IL-4-or IL-13-mediated changes in the structural components of keratinocytes in mice and humans","volume":"134","author":"Omori-Miyake","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.03.006","article-title":"Skin barrier and immune dysregulation in atopic dermatitis: an evolving story with important clinical implications","volume":"2","author":"Czarnowicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.83","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 and Th2 cytokines induce atopic dermatitis\u2013like features on epidermal differentiation proteins and stratum corneum lipids in human skin equivalents","volume":"134","author":"Danso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21795","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911472106","article-title":"Human Langerhans cells induce distinct IL-22-producing CD4+ T cells lacking IL-17 production","volume":"106","author":"Fujita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1159\/000367923","article-title":"Staphylococcal exotoxins induce interleukin 22 in human th22 cells","volume":"165","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081234","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cutaneous inflammatory disorder: atopic dermatitis","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050345","article-title":"Demonstration of the low-affinity IgE receptor Fc\u03b5RII\/CD23 in psoriatic epidermis: inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells (IDEC) but not Langerhans cells are the relevant CD1a-positive cell population","volume":"290","author":"Wollenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib25","first-page":"949","article-title":"Fc\u03b5RI engagement of langerhans cell\u2013like dendritic cells and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cell\u2013like dendritic cells induces chemotactic signals and different T-cell phenotypes in vitro","volume":"113","author":"Novak","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.2","article-title":"Immunologic overlap of helper T-cell subtypes 17 and 22 in erythrodermic psoriasis and atopic dermatitis","volume":"151","author":"Moy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jama Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9199","article-title":"T cell\u2013mediated Fas-induced keratinocyte apoptosis plays a key pathogenetic role in eczematous dermatitis","volume":"106","author":"Trautmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0001-z","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"4","author":"Weidinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23459.x","article-title":"The role of toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of dermatological disease","volume":"125","author":"McInturff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.09.002","article-title":"Signaling to NF-\u03baB by toll-like receptors","volume":"13","author":"Kawai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100095","article-title":"Structure, function and regulation of the Toll\/IL\u20101 receptor adaptor proteins","volume":"85","author":"Watters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3446","article-title":"The history of Toll-like receptors - redefining innate immunity","volume":"13","author":"O'Neill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"6640","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/41131","article-title":"A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity","volume":"388","author":"Medzhitov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5396","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5396.2085","article-title":"Defective LPS signaling in C3H\/HeJ and C57BL\/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene","volume":"282","author":"Poltorak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp017","article-title":"The roles of TLRs, RLRs and NLRs in pathogen recognition","volume":"21","author":"Kawai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80172-5","article-title":"The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle\/Toll\/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults","volume":"86","author":"Lemaitre","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41953","article-title":"The interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 inhibitor PF-06650833 blocks inflammation in preclinical models of rheumatic disease and in humans Enrolled in a randomized clinical trial","volume":"73","author":"Winkler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2023.2180237","article-title":"Trial watch: toll-like receptor ligands in cancer therapy","volume":"12","author":"Le Naour","year":"2023","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12913","article-title":"Contribution of Malassezia spp. to the development of atopic dermatitis","volume":"62","author":"Nowicka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081715","article-title":"Bacterially delivered miRNA-mediated toll-like receptor 8 gene silencing for combined therapy in a murine model of atopic dermatitis: therapeutic effect of miRTLR8 in AD","volume":"9","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5392","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.10.5392","article-title":"Cutting edge: TLR2-deficient and MyD88-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus infection","volume":"165","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12143","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 in viral pathogenesis: friend or foe?","volume":"140","author":"Perales-Linares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.1.483","article-title":"TLR3 increases disease morbidity and mortality from vaccinia infection","volume":"180","author":"Hutchens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S401815","article-title":"Increased expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR6 on peripheral blood monocytes by induction of staphylococcal enterotoxin B during exacerbation of atopic dermatitis patients","volume":"16","author":"Salim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib46","first-page":"636","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 2, 4 and 9 expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome)","volume":"16","author":"Jarrousse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02050.x","article-title":"Impaired TLR-2 expression and TLR-2-mediated cytokine secretion in macrophages from patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"64","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02545.x","article-title":"Functional effects of interleukin 31 in human primary keratinocytes","volume":"66","author":"Kasraie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.437","article-title":"Activation of epidermal toll-like receptor 2 enhances tight junction function: implications for atopic dermatitis and skin barrier repair","volume":"133","author":"Kuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.009","article-title":"Cutaneous innate immune sensing of toll-like receptor 2-6 ligands suppresses T cell immunity by inducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"41","author":"Skabytska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13460","article-title":"Langerhans and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells in atopic dermatitis are tolerized toward TLR2 activation","volume":"73","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.11.029","article-title":"The Toll-like receptor 2 R753Q mutation modifies cytokine production and Toll-like receptor expression in atopic dermatitis","volume":"121","author":"Mrabet-Dahbi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.04.010","article-title":"Selective impairment of Toll-like receptor 2\u2013mediated proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"120","author":"Hasannejad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0744-1","article-title":"Impaired Toll-like receptor 2-mediated Th1 and Th17\/22 cytokines secretion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2011.01277.x","article-title":"Intrinsic alterations of pro-inflammatory mediators in unstimulated and TLR-2 stimulated keratinocytes from atopic dermatitis patients","volume":"20","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13537","article-title":"Evidence of regulatory myeloid dendritic cells and circulating inflammatory epidermal dendritic cells-like modulated by Toll-like receptors 2 and 7\/8 in adults with atopic dermatitis","volume":"56","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04872.x","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus: colonizing features and influence of an antibacterial treatment in adults with atopic dermatitis","volume":"147","author":"Breuer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra074081","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"358","author":"Bieber","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17343","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605102103","article-title":"Dual recognition of herpes simplex viruses by TLR2 and TLR9 in dendritic cells","volume":"103","author":"Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8548-5","article-title":"Bacterial and viral infections in atopic dermatitis: a comprehensive review","volume":"51","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0907656","article-title":"Cellular trafficking of lipoteichoic acid and Toll-like receptor 2 in relation to signaling: role of CD14 and CD36","volume":"84","author":"Nilsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.10.024","article-title":"Vaccinia virus-specific molecular signature in atopic dermatitis skin","volume":"125","author":"Grigoryev","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041442","article-title":"Vaccinia virus protein A46R targets multiple Toll-like-interleukin-1 receptor adaptors and contributes to virulence","volume":"201","author":"Stack","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36570","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M400567200","article-title":"Poxvirus protein N1L targets the I-kappaB kinase complex, inhibits signaling to NF-kappaB by the tumor necrosis factor superfamily of receptors, and inhibits NF-kappaB and IRF3 signaling by toll-like receptors","volume":"279","author":"DiPerna","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021652","article-title":"The poxvirus protein A52R targets Toll-like receptor signaling complexes to suppress host defense","volume":"197","author":"Harte","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0616fje","article-title":"Airway epithelia regulate expression of human \u03b2\u2010defensin 2 through toll\u2010like receptor 2","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021481","article-title":"Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis","volume":"347","author":"Ong","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.123","article-title":"Activation of TLR2 by a small molecule produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis increases antimicrobial defense against bacterial skin infections","volume":"130","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001954","article-title":"Autophagy negatively regulates keratinocyte inflammatory responses via scaffolding protein p62\/SQSTM1","volume":"186","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib70","article-title":"A novel lipopeptide from skin commensal activates TLR2\/CD36-p38 MAPK signaling to increase antibacterial defense against bacterial infection","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.02.006","article-title":"Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis skin subverts the innate immune response to vaccinia virus","volume":"24","author":"Howell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0544-y","article-title":"The role of innate immune signaling in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and consequences for treatments","volume":"38","author":"Skabytska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib73","first-page":"153","article-title":"How the innate immune system trains immunity: lessons from studying atopic dermatitis and cutaneous bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Skabytska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00314-12","article-title":"Environment-mediated accumulation of diacyl lipoproteins over their triacyl counterparts in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"194","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601336","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus downregulates IP-10 production and prevents Th1 cell recruitment","volume":"198","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1159\/000323299","article-title":"The role of cytokines\/chemokines in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis","volume":"41","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1965","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 ligands on the staphylococcal cell wall downregulate superantigen-induced T cell activation and prevent toxic shock syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Chau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir276","article-title":"A modulatory interleukin-10 response to staphylococcal peptidoglycan prevents Th1\/Th17 adaptive immunity to Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"204","author":"Frodermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"JID (J. Infect. Dis.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.10.008","article-title":"Cytokine milieu modulates release of thymic stromal lymphopoietin from human keratinocytes stimulated with double-stranded RNA","volume":"123","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9899.1000110","article-title":"Th2 cytokines and atopic dermatitis","volume":"2","author":"Brandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Cell. Immunol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15319","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R700009200","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and Type I interferons","volume":"282","author":"Uematsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062211","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is released by human epithelial cells in response to microbes, trauma, or inflammation and potently activates mast cells","volume":"204","author":"Allakhverdi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.185","article-title":"Extracellular double-stranded RNA induces TSLP via an endosomal acidification- and NF-\u03baB-Dependent pathway in human keratinocytes","volume":"131","author":"Vu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2015.36.3901","article-title":"Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 on peripheral blood monocytes during exacerbation of atopic dermatitis","volume":"36","author":"Tsybikov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"issue":"5167","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8009221","article-title":"Functional role of type I and type II interferons in antiviral defense","volume":"264","author":"Muller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.07.105","article-title":"dsRNA-mediated innate immunity of epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"335","author":"Tohyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2011.06.003","article-title":"TLR-mediated induction of pro-allergic cytokine IL-33 in ocular mucosal epithelium","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105498","article-title":"DeltaNp63 controls a TLR3-mediated mechanism that abundantly provides thymic stromal lymphopoietin in atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Kubo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.10.148","article-title":"Tight junction protein claudin-4 is modulated via \u0394Np63 in human keratinocytes","volume":"455","author":"Kubo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.162","article-title":"DeltaNp63 regulates IL-33 and IL-31 signaling in atopic dermatitis","volume":"23","author":"Rizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.07.017","article-title":"The role of toll-like receptor 3 in chronic contact hypersensitivity induced by repeated elicitation","volume":"88","author":"Yasuike","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0752-9","article-title":"Oxidative stress enhances the expression of IL-33 in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"19","author":"Aizawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.10.018","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 ligands activate human basophils for both IgE-dependent and IgE-independent secretion","volume":"115","author":"Bieneman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343617","article-title":"Activation of human basophils by combined toll-like receptor- and FcepsilonRI-triggering can promote Th2 skewing of naive T helper cells","volume":"44","author":"Suurmond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-017-1390-6","article-title":"Basophils activated via TLR signaling may contribute to pathophysiology of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"53","author":"Yanagawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.77","article-title":"NOD2 and TLR2 ligands trigger the activation of basophils and eosinophils by interacting with dermal fibroblasts in atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Jiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.02.007","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 is important for the T(H)1 response to cutaneous sensitization","volume":"123","author":"Jin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.356","article-title":"Toll-like receptor activation during cutaneous allergen sensitization blocks development of asthma through IFN-gamma-dependent mechanisms","volume":"133","author":"Haapakoski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701112","article-title":"Age-related differences in sensitivity of peripheral blood monocytes to lipopolysaccharide and Staphylococcus aureus toxin B in atopic dermatitis","volume":"128","author":"Mandron","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01721.x","article-title":"Dysregulation of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2)-induced effects in monocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis: impact of the TLR-2 R753Q polymorphism","volume":"63","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13294","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of a histamine 4 receptor antagonist on CCL17 and CCL22 production by monocyte-derived Langerhans cells in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"43","author":"Miyano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300789","article-title":"Exacerbation of allergen-induced eczema in TLR4- and TRIF-deficient mice","volume":"191","author":"Brandt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8493545","article-title":"Association of toll-like cell receptors TLR2 (p.Arg753GLN) and TLR4 (p.Asp299GLY) polymorphisms with indicators of general and local immunity in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"2017","author":"Tyurin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13698","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 attenuates a murine model of atopic dermatitis through inhibition of langerin-positive DCs migration","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.02.017","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 ligands promote chronic atopic dermatitis through IL-4\u2013mediated suppression of IL-10","volume":"134","author":"Kaesler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13540","article-title":"Induction of IL-10-balanced immune profiles following exposure to LTA from Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"27","author":"Volz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2015.36.3808","article-title":"Serum interleukin 17, interleukin 23, and interleukin 10 values in children with atopic eczema\/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS): association with clinical severity and phenotype","volume":"36","author":"Leonardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2683","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 7 mediates pruritus","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45414","article-title":"TLR3 deficiency impairs spinal cord synaptic transmission, central sensitization, and pruritus in mice","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1950","article-title":"The neurobiology of itch","volume":"7","author":"Ikoma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150376","article-title":"IL-23 induced in keratinocytes by endogenous TLR4 ligands polarizes dendritic cells to drive IL-22 responses to skin immunization","volume":"213","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2010.08.013","article-title":"Significant correlation of serum IL-22 levels with CCL17 levels in atopic dermatitis","volume":"61","author":"Hayashida","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0304127","article-title":"Endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors","volume":"76","author":"Tsan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300789","article-title":"Exacerbation of allergen-induced eczema in TLR4-and TRIF-deficient mice","volume":"191","author":"Brandt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.10.009","article-title":"TLR4, rather than TLR2, regulates wound healing through TGF-\u03b2 and CCL5 expression","volume":"73","author":"Suga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker316","article-title":"Increased IL-17A expression in granulomas and in circulating memory T cells in sarcoidosis","volume":"51","author":"ten Berge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.267","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 has an essential role in early skin wound healing","volume":"133","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2062","article-title":"Commensal bacteria regulate Toll-like receptor 3-dependent inflammation after skin injury","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003007","article-title":"Impaired wound healing with defective expression of chemokines and recruitment of myeloid cells in TLR3-deficient mice","volume":"186","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.39","article-title":"Activation of TLR3 in keratinocytes increases expression of genes involved in formation of the epidermis, lipid accumulation, and epidermal organelles","volume":"133","author":"Borkowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-0027-2","article-title":"TLR3 activation induces S100A7 to regulate keratinocyte differentiation after skin injury","volume":"60","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib122","first-page":"655","article-title":"[Expression of HSP60, TLR4 and NF-kappaBp65 in the peripheral blood of patients with atopic dermatitis]","volume":"40","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6942","article-title":"Activation of the HMGB1TLR4NFkappaB pathway may occur in patients with atopic eczema","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081370","article-title":"TLR3 is an endogenous sensor of tissue necrosis during acute inflammatory events","volume":"205","author":"Cavassani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib125","series-title":"Ultraviolet Light in Human Health","first-page":"279","article-title":"Phototherapy in atopic dermatitis","author":"Ortiz-Salvador","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib126","first-page":"180","article-title":"Photosensitive atopic dermatitis exacerbated by UVB exposure","volume":"100","author":"Rutt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2861","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation damages self noncoding RNA and is detected by TLR3","volume":"18","author":"Bernard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.354","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 activation is required for normal skin barrier repair following UV damage","volume":"135","author":"Borkowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.424","article-title":"TLR3: a receptor that recognizes cell injury is essential for permeability barrier homeostasis following UV irradiation","volume":"135","author":"Feingold","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2013.0473","article-title":"Epithelialization in wound healing: a comprehensive review","volume":"3","author":"Pastar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2011.01.005","article-title":"Regulation of ultraviolet radiation induced cutaneous photoimmunosuppression by toll-like receptor-4","volume":"508","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.32","article-title":"Innate immune sensors stimulate inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses to UVB radiation","volume":"134","author":"Gallo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2932","article-title":"p63 and p73 transactivate differentiation gene promoters in human keratinocytes","volume":"273","author":"De Laurenzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.12.011","article-title":"Role of p63\/p73 in epithelial remodeling and their response to steroid treatment in nasal polyposis","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.84","article-title":"p63, a story of mice and men","volume":"131","author":"Vanbokhoven","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.071191","article-title":"DeltaNp63 knockout mice reveal its indispensable role as a master regulator of epithelial development and differentiation","volume":"139","author":"Romano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13456","article-title":"Regulation of claudin-4 via p63 in human epithelial cells","volume":"1405","author":"Kojima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00511","article-title":"Toll-interacting protein in resolving and non-resolving inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Kowalski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-7-3","article-title":"Association of toll-interacting protein gene polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis","volume":"7","author":"Schimming","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Dermatol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00989.x","article-title":"Dysregulation of CD36 upon TLR\u20102 stimulation in monocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis and the TLR2 R753Q polymorphism","volume":"19","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1159\/000073717","article-title":"Analysis of highly expressed genes in monocytes from atopic dermatitis patients","volume":"132","author":"Nagata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-151001","article-title":"Natural Staphylococcus aureus-derived peptidoglycan fragments activate NOD2 and act as potent costimulators of the innate immune system exclusively in the presence of TLR signals","volume":"24","author":"Volz","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02536.x","article-title":"Impact of T-cell receptor Vbeta haplotypes on the development of dermatitis in DS-Nh mice: synergistic production of interleukin-13 caused by staphylococcal enterotoxin C and peptide glycans from Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"121","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12333","article-title":"Cross-talk between pathogen recognizing Toll-like receptors and immunoglobulin Fc receptors in immunity","volume":"268","author":"van Egmond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000323295","article-title":"FcepsilonRI-Toll-like receptor interaction in atopic dermatitis","volume":"41","author":"Novak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13172","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 agonist Pam3CSK4 up-regulates FcepsilonRI receptor expression on monocytes from patients with severe extrinsic atopic dermatitis","volume":"29","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.12.583","article-title":"The Toll-like receptor 2 R753Q polymorphism defines a subgroup of patients with atopic dermatitis having severe phenotype","volume":"113","author":"Ahmad-Nejad","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000323295","article-title":"Fc\u03b5RI-Toll-like receptor interaction in atopic dermatitis","volume":"41","author":"Novak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pathogenesis and Management of Atopic Dermatitis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343617","article-title":"Activation of human basophils by combined toll\u2010like receptor\u2010and F c\u03b5 RI\u2010triggering can promote T h2 skewing of naive T helper cells","volume":"44","author":"Suurmond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38327","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.375493","article-title":"R753Q polymorphism inhibits Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 tyrosine phosphorylation, dimerization with TLR6, and recruitment of myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88","volume":"287","author":"Xiong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10685","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.784470","article-title":"The R753Q polymorphism in Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) attenuates innate immune responses to mycobacteria and impairs MyD88 adapter recruitment to TLR2","volume":"292","author":"Pattabiraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.010","article-title":"Prenatal animal contact and gene expression of innate immunity receptors at birth are associated with atopic dermatitis","volume":"127","author":"Roduit","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.1.584","article-title":"Suppression of skin lesions by transdermal application of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides in NC\/nga mice, a model of human atopic dermatitis","volume":"178","author":"Inoue","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib154","first-page":"103","article-title":"The immunostimulatory effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis","volume":"200","author":"Jassies-van der Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104230","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides bound to gelatine nanoparticles as immunotherapy for canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"181","author":"Wagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01358.x","article-title":"Putative association of a TLR9 promoter polymorphism with atopic eczema","volume":"62","author":"Novak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/25785826.2022.2132683","article-title":"Association of TLR2 and TLR9 gene polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152189","article-title":"iNKT cells are responsible for the apoptotic reduction of basophils that mediate Th2 immune responses elicited by papain in mice following \u03b3PGA stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9409","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15592-X","article-title":"Relation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell suppression of allergen-driven T-cell activation to atopic status and expression of allergic disease","volume":"363","author":"Ling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2012.02739.x","article-title":"The role of T-regulatory cells and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in atopic dermatitis","volume":"76","author":"Lesiak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.785549","article-title":"Crosstalk between circulating follicular T helper cells and regulatory B cells in children with extrinsic atopic dermatitis","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03857.x","article-title":"Low neonatal Toll-like receptor 4-mediated interleukin-10 production is associated with subsequent atopic dermatitis","volume":"42","author":"Belderbos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"issue":"6710","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259","article-title":"Hay fever, hygiene, and household size","volume":"299","author":"Strachan","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15832","article-title":"Rural and urban exposures shape early life immune development in South African children with atopic dermatitis and nonallergic children","volume":"79","author":"Lunjani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.291","article-title":"Nonpathogenic bacteria alleviating atopic dermatitis inflammation induce IL-10-producing dendritic cells and regulatory Tr1 cells","volume":"134","author":"Volz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08836.x","article-title":"Effects of nonpathogenic gram-negative bacterium Vitreoscilla filiformis lysate on atopic dermatitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study","volume":"159","author":"Gueniche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12566","article-title":"Gut microbiome and innate immune response patterns in IgE-associated eczema","volume":"45","author":"West","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12496","article-title":"Probiotics and primary prevention of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies","volume":"29","author":"Panduru","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.12.608","article-title":"Probiotics during the first 7 years of life: a cumulative risk reduction of eczema in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Kalliomaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.04.027","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention or treatment of allergic diseases","volume":"120","author":"Prescott","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000342079","article-title":"Probiotic mechanisms of action","volume":"61","author":"Bermudez-Brito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12371","article-title":"Differential effects of two probiotics on the risks of eczema and atopy associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms to Toll-like receptors","volume":"26","author":"Marlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.10.011","article-title":"Host-microbial interactions in childhood atopy: toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), CD14, and fecal Escherichia coli","volume":"125","author":"Penders","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"7066","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04267","article-title":"Control of B-cell responses by Toll-like receptors","volume":"438","author":"Pasare","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6883","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6883-6890.2000","article-title":"Maturation of human dendritic cells by cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin: involvement of toll-like receptors","volume":"68","author":"Tsuji","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13235","article-title":"Imiquimod in dermatology: an overview","volume":"55","author":"Hanna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.04.004","article-title":"Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of Bowen's disease and invasive squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"55","author":"Peris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1093208","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 regulate the proliferation and differentiation of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"14","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.12.003","article-title":"TLRs, future potential therapeutic targets for RA","volume":"16","author":"Elshabrawy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib180","article-title":"Role of toll-like receptors in neuroimmune diseases: therapeutic targets and problems","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2010.03948.x","article-title":"Effects of tacrolimus ointment on Toll-like receptors in atopic dermatitis","volume":"36","author":"Antiga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475416685077","article-title":"Review of atopic dermatitis and topical therapies","volume":"21","author":"Mayba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30142","article-title":"Injury enhances TLR2 function and antimicrobial peptide expression through a vitamin D-dependent mechanism","volume":"117","author":"Schauber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20132660","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis and vitamin D: facts and controversies","volume":"88","author":"Mesquita Kde","year":"2013","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.03.010","article-title":"Ciclosporin modulates the responses of canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes (CPEK) to toll-like receptor agonists","volume":"147","author":"Hendricks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1159\/000485416","article-title":"Calycosin suppresses epithelial derived initiative key factors and maintains epithelial barrier in allergic inflammation via TLR4 mediated NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"44","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2011.01.005","article-title":"Regulation of ultraviolet radiation induced cutaneous photoimmunosuppression by toll-like receptor-4","volume":"508","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010093","article-title":"Tenebrio molitor larva trypsin hydrolysate ameliorates atopic dermatitis in C57BL\/6 mice by targeting the TLR-mediated MyD88-dependent MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03191.x","article-title":"Use of A-type CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as an adjuvant in allergen-specific immunotherapy in humans: a phase I\/IIa clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Senti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.938","article-title":"First-in-Human study with the inhaled TLR9 oligonucleotide agonist AZD1419 results in interferon responses in the lung, and is safe and well-tolerated","volume":"104","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108379","article-title":"Conjugated linoleic acid attenuates 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in mice through dual inhibition of COX-2\/5-LOX and TLR4\/NF-kappaB signaling","volume":"81","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010088","article-title":"Osthole inhibits expression of genes associated with toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway in an organotypic 3D skin model of human epidermis with atopic dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"Kordulewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2022.55.6.144","article-title":"Anti-atopic dermatitis effects of Parasenecio auriculatus via simultaneous inhibition of multiple inflammatory pathways","volume":"55","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8441938","article-title":"Ta-Xi-San suppresses atopic dermatitis involved in multitarget mechanism using experimental and network pharmacology analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Zhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib195","series-title":"Skin Stress Response Pathways","first-page":"235","article-title":"TLR3 and inflammatory skin diseases: from environmental factors to molecular opportunities","author":"Tamagawa-Mineoka","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.3.1286","article-title":"In vivo expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 by renal epithelial cells: IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mediated up-regulation during inflammation","volume":"168","author":"Wolfs","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"6096","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225829","article-title":"A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity","volume":"337","author":"Jinek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6213","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258096","article-title":"Genome editing. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9","volume":"346","author":"Doudna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib199","series-title":"Toll-Like Receptors","first-page":"77","article-title":"Use of CRISPR\/CAS9 technologies to study the role of TLR in dendritic cell subsets","author":"Mencarelli","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.022","article-title":"Positive selection CRISPR screens reveal a druggable pocket in an oligosaccharyltransferase required for inflammatory signaling to NF-kappaB","volume":"187","author":"Lampson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021042","article-title":"Multi-omics approach to improved diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis","volume":"25","author":"Rusi\u00f1ol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00265","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in systemic lupus erythematosus: potential for personalized treatment","volume":"5","author":"Celhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/23808993.2020.1816136","article-title":"Toll-like receptor immune modulatory role in personalized management of colorectal cancer, review of literature","volume":"5","author":"Hossam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.3c00419","article-title":"Recent advances in studying toll-like receptors with the use of computational methods","volume":"63","author":"Bz\u00f3wka","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"issue":"sup1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2021.1940697","article-title":"Structure-aware machine learning identifies microRNAs operating as Toll-like receptor 7\/8 ligands","volume":"18","author":"Raden","year":"2021","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"issue":"S2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-019-0241-0","article-title":"Prediction of novel mouse TLR9 agonists using a random forest approach","volume":"20","author":"Khanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Molecular and Cell Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib207","first-page":"420","article-title":"[Effect of topical tacrolimus ointment on expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in lesional atopic dermatitis skin]","volume":"38","author":"Xie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1159\/000099309","article-title":"Analysis of components of the CD14\/TLR system on leukocytes of patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"143","author":"Sumegi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1159\/000339180","article-title":"Functional and phenotypical impairment of polymorphonuclear cells in atopic dermatitis: an additional cause for the known susceptibility to infections?","volume":"224","author":"Fierro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12383","article-title":"TLR2 and TLR4 expression in atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis and psoriasis","volume":"23","author":"Panzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.12.401","article-title":"Elevated expressions of stratum corneum Toll-like receptor 3 in atopic dermatitis lesions","volume":"143","author":"Tamagawa-Mineoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02545.x","article-title":"Functional effects of interleukin 31 in human primary keratinocytes","volume":"66","author":"Kasraie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.009","article-title":"Cutaneous innate immune sensing of Toll-like receptor 2-6 ligands suppresses T cell immunity by inducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"41","author":"Skabytska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02050.x","article-title":"Impaired TLR-2 expression and TLR-2-mediated cytokine secretion in macrophages from patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"64","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.04.010","article-title":"Selective impairment of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"120","author":"Hasannejad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2006.03.006","article-title":"Defect of toll-like receptor 9-mediated activation in NC\/Nga mouse macrophages","volume":"106","author":"Sakai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.11.029","article-title":"The Toll-like receptor 2 R753Q mutation modifies cytokine production and Toll-like receptor expression in atopic dermatitis","volume":"121","author":"Mrabet-Dahbi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00989.x","article-title":"Dysregulation of CD36 upon TLR-2 stimulation in monocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis and the TLR2 R753Q polymorphism","volume":"19","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320110240S408","article-title":"TLR2 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms and atopic dermatitis in Italian children: a multicenter study","volume":"24","author":"Salpietro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2018.1508228","article-title":"Analysis of the association of polymorphisms rs5743708 in TLR2 and rs4986790 in TLR4 with atopic dermatitis risk","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02066.x","article-title":"Association of thetoll-like receptor 2A-16934T promoter polymorphism with severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"64","author":"Oh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03812.x","article-title":"An association of TLR2-16934A>T polymorphism and severity\/phenotype of atopic dermatitis","volume":"25","author":"Potaczek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib223","first-page":"46","article-title":"[Polymorphism 896A\/G of TLR4 gene rather than 1196C\/T and 2258G\/A of TLR2 gene determines severe and complicated course of atopic dermatitis in children]","volume":"47","author":"Levchenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tsitol. Genet."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12903","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: interaction between genetic variants of GSTP1, TNF, TLR2, and TLR4 and air pollution in early life","volume":"29","author":"Huls","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000253","article-title":"The association of genetic variants in toll-like receptor 2 subfamily with allergy and asthma after hospitalization for bronchiolitis in infancy","volume":"33","author":"Koponen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1134\/S002689331402006X","article-title":"[Association of polymorphisms in toll-like receptor genes with atopic dermatitis in the Republic of Bashkortostan]","volume":"48","author":"Gimalova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Biol (Mosk)"}],"container-title":["Heliyon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844025006061?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405844025006061?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:46:59Z","timestamp":1775738819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405844025006061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":226,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2405844025006061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-8440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-8440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toll-like receptors in atopic dermatitis: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heliyon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42226","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e42226"}}