{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:30:23Z","timestamp":1787841023868,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a well-characterized monogenetic disorder with a high prevalence of cerebral vasculopathy, silent cerebral infarcts, and strokes. A significant mechanism for cerebral infarction in SCA is hemodynamic imbalance. To compensate for reduced oxygen-carrying capacity due to anemia, individuals with SCA have chronically elevated cerebral blood flow to maintain viable oxygen delivery to the brain tissue. Often the oxygen extraction fraction (ratio of oxygen consumed to oxygen delivered) is increased in more severely affected individuals. Subsequently, cerebrovascular reserve capacity, the ability of arterioles to dilate and further increase the cerebral blood volume and flow, will be reduced. These hemodynamic profiles have been associated with prior cerebral infarcts and increased evidence of disease severity. These cerebral hemodynamic parameters can be assessed noninvasively with noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain utilizing specific MRI methods. This review focuses on using advanced neuroimaging methods to assess stroke risk in individuals with SCA, and such methods may be utilized before and after bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplant to assess cerebral hemodynamic response. This manuscript is part of the Proceeding of The European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) Congress on Sickle Cell Disease, 16th\u201317 May 2019, Regensburg, Germany.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hemonc.2019.12.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T16:15:38Z","timestamp":1584029738000},"page":"76-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Using novel magnetic resonance imaging methods to predict stroke risk in individuals with sickle cell anemia \u2606"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lori C.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adetola A.","family":"Kassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina L.","family":"Wilkerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea A.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spencer L.","family":"Waddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manus J.","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1586\/ehm.13.25","article-title":"Stroke in patients with sickle cell disease","volume":"6","author":"Webb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Rev Hematol"},{"key":"R2-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2042","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005644","article-title":"White matter integrity and processing speed in sickle cell anemia","volume":"90","author":"Stotesbury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R3-7-20241211","first-page":"288","article-title":"Cerebrovascular accidents in sickle cell disease: rates and risk factors","volume":"91","author":"Ohene-Frempong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R4-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01041-7","article-title":"Hydroxycarbamide versus chronic transfusion for maintenance of transcranial doppler flow velocities in children with sickle cell anaemia-TCD With Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea (TWiTCH): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, noninferiority trial","volume":"387","author":"Ware","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R5-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-261123","article-title":"Silent cerebral infarcts occur despite regular blood transfusion therapy after first strokes in children with sickle cell disease","volume":"117","author":"Hulbert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R6-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807023390102","article-title":"Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography","volume":"339","author":"Adams","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R7-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401731","article-title":"Controlled trial of transfusions for silent cerebral infarcts in sickle cell anemia","volume":"371","author":"DeBaun","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R8-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct1004810","article-title":"Iron-chelating therapy for transfusional iron overload","volume":"364","author":"Brittenham","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R9-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26213","article-title":"Differential cerebral hemometabolic responses to blood transfusions in adults and children with sickle cell anemia","volume":"49","author":"Juttukonda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"R10-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.3.344","article-title":"Cerebral hyperemia, stroke, and transfusion in sickle cell disease","volume":"39","author":"Prohovnik","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R11-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-005-1409-7","article-title":"TCD in sickle cell disease: an important and useful test","volume":"35","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"R12-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-694562","article-title":"Silent cerebral infarcts and cerebral aneurysms are prevalent in adults with sickle cell anemia","volume":"127","author":"Kassim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R13-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.537415","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in adult patients with sickle cell disease: correlation with transcranial Doppler findings","volume":"40","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R14-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12034","article-title":"Magnetic resonance angiography-defined intracranial vasculopathy is associated with silent cerebral infarcts and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutation in children with sickle cell anaemia","volume":"159","author":"Thangarajh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"R15-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4893","article-title":"Intracranial vessel wall MRI: principles and expert consensus recommendations of the American Society of Neuroradiology","volume":"38","author":"Mandell","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R16-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.008229","article-title":"Imaging inflammation in cerebrovascular disease","volume":"46","author":"Gounis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R17-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13122812","article-title":"Intracranial plaque enhancement in patients with cerebrovascular events on high-spatial-resolution MR images","volume":"271","author":"Qiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R18-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-04-840322","article-title":"Increased brain iron deposition in patients with sickle cell disease: an MRI quantitative susceptibility mapping study","volume":"132","author":"Miao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R19-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv397","article-title":"Non-invasive imaging of oxygen extraction fraction in adults with sickle cell anaemia","volume":"139","author":"Jordan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R20-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25197","article-title":"Recommended implementation of arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: a consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia","volume":"73","author":"Alsop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"R21-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3681","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3681","article-title":"Cerebral hemodynamics and pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling considerations in adults with sickle cell anemia","volume":"30","author":"Juttukonda","year":"2017","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"R22-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21627","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of oxygenation in venous vessels using T2-Relaxation-Under-Spin-Tagging MRI","volume":"60","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"R23-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200008000-00008","article-title":"Quantitative measurements of cerebral blood oxygen saturation using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"20","author":"An","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R24-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1552","article-title":"Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) total and extravascular signal changes and DeltaR2* in human visual cortex at 1.5, 3.0 and 7.0 T","volume":"24","author":"Donahue","year":"2011","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"R25-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1134","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005194","article-title":"Regional oxygen extraction predicts border zone vulnerability to stroke in sickle cell disease","volume":"90","author":"Fields","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R26-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-09-876318","article-title":"Hydroxyurea reduces cerebral metabolic stress in patients with sickle cell anemia","volume":"133","author":"Fields","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R27-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015141865","article-title":"Monitoring cerebrovascular reactivity through the use of arterial spin labeling in patients with moyamoya disease","volume":"278","author":"Yun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R28-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.2.282","article-title":"Preoperative and postoperative evaluation of cerebral perfusion and vasodilatory capacity with 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT and acetazolamide in childhood moyamoya disease","volume":"27","author":"Touho","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R29-7-20241211","first-page":"2245","article-title":"Normalization of cerebral hemodynamics after hematopoietic stem cell transplant in children with sickle cell anemia","volume":"130","author":"Hulbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R30-7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E155","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25455","article-title":"Haploidentical bone marrow transplantation improves cerebral hemodynamics in adults with sickle cell disease","volume":"94","author":"Jordan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"}],"container-title":["Hematology\/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1658387620300285?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1658387620300285?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1016\/j.hemonc.2019.12.009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:40:35Z","timestamp":1787838035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1016\/j.hemonc.2019.12.009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hemonc.2019.12.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1658-3876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1658-3876","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}}}