{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:35:48Z","timestamp":1787841348217,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective\/Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) may manifest various forms of renal abnormalities. Proteinuria is an early marker of renal dysfunction and a strong risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in both patients with SCA and non-SCA population. Currently, the degree of attention given to proteinuric CKD far exceeds that of nonproteinuric CKD, and risk factors that might trigger a progressive decline of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the absence of proteinuria have not been well evaluated in SCA. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and laboratory parameters among SCA patients with proteinuric and nonproteinuric CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital in north-eastern Nigeria between January 2013 and April 2018. Clinical variables including age of diagnosis of SCA, frequency of vaso-occlusive crises, number of hospitalizations per annum and transfusion therapy were collected. Laboratory data including haematological profile and renal function test were obtained from routine blood sampling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 257 patients with SCA (HbSS) were enrolled during the study period of which 42 had proteinuric CKD, and 48 had nonproteinuric CKD. The two groups were matched for the number of hospital admission (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .063) and blood transfusion per year (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .450), frequency of painful crisis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .210), systolic blood pressure (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .084) and diastolic blood pressure (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .400). In the proteinuric CKD group, the mean serum creatinine was higher (332.17 mmol\/L,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001) and the estimated GFR was lower (31.88 mL\/min, p = .046). The serum alkaline phosphatase was higher in the nonproteinuric CKD group (81.81 IU\/L,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .012).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nonproteinuric CKD was more frequent than proteinuric CKD in our study population; however, the proteinuric group presented with more advanced disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hemonc.2020.09.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T08:16:40Z","timestamp":1602145000000},"page":"214-217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Proteinuric and nonproteinuric chronic kidney disease among patients with sickle cell anaemia (HbSS) attending a tertiary hospital in north-eastern Nigeria \u2606"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Maina","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adama Isah","family":"Ladu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha Mohammed","family":"Abba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audu Abdullahi","family":"Bukar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-6-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00806.x","article-title":"Renal abnormalities in sickle cell disease","volume":"57","author":"Pham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney 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Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group","volume":"130","author":"Levey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R15-6-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw440","article-title":"Non-proteinuric rather than proteinuric renal diseases are the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease","volume":"32","author":"Boliagno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R16-6-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019009","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2019.010","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease amongst sickle cell anaemia patients at the university of Maiduguri teaching hospital, northeastern Nigeria: a study of prevalence and risk factors","volume":"11","author":"Bukar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R17-6-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/1118-8561.204326","article-title":"Assessment of kidney function in sickle cell anemia patients in Zaria, Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Yusuf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sahel Med J"},{"key":"R18-6-20241211","first-page":"171","article-title":"Renal disease in adult Nigerians with sickle cell anemia: a report of prevalence, clinical features and risk factors","volume":"23","author":"Bolarinwa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi J. 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