{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:22:40Z","timestamp":1787977360412,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Nutrition &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T12:59:07Z","timestamp":1643115547000},"page":"200141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The role of micronutrients in the management of COIVD-19 and optimizing vaccine efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4583-5768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noor","family":"Altooq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3044-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Humood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alajaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad F.","family":"Alenezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Janahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-3843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"AlHaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitham","family":"Jahrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093104","article-title":"Functional role of dietary intervention to improve the outcome of COVID-19: a hypothesis of work","volume":"21","author":"Messina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051589","article-title":"Micronutrients deficiency, supplementation and novel coronavirus infections\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib3","article-title":"Characterization of critically ill COVID-19 patients at a brooklyn safety-net hospital","volume":"12","author":"Capone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111017","article-title":"Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 in combination on progression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19)","volume":"79\u201380","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103198","article-title":"The role of micronutrients in support of the immune response against viral infections","volume":"12","author":"Pecora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l6890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890","article-title":"Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline","volume":"368","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1452S","article-title":"Zinc-altered immune function","volume":"133","author":"Ibs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib8","author":"Cakman"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-008-0003-8","article-title":"Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for multiple diseases","volume":"56","author":"Overbeck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001176","article-title":"Zn2+ inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture","volume":"6","author":"te Velthuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1054\/midw.2002.0343","article-title":"International news","volume":"19","year":"2003","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.837","article-title":"Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress","volume":"85","author":"Prasad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4065\/81.3.353","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health","volume":"81","author":"Mf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064170","article-title":"Vitamin D every day to keep the infection away?","volume":"7","author":"Kroner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010236","article-title":"A review of micronutrients and the immune system\u2013working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection","volume":"12","author":"Gombart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040988","article-title":"Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092550","article-title":"Could vitamins help in the fight against COVID-19?","volume":"12","author":"Jovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib19","series-title":"Vitamin D Receptor Deletion Leads to the Destruction of Tight and Adherens Junctions in Lungs","first-page":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01570-8","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality","volume":"32","author":"Ilie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02488-5","article-title":"The importance of vitamin d metabolism as a potential prophylactic, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective treatment for COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib22","first-page":"8187","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of Vitamin D on inflammation and IL-6 release. A further support for COVID-19 management?","volume":"24","author":"B","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.M. Mccartney, D.G. Byrne, Optimisation of vitamin D status for enhanced immuno-protection against covid-19, Ir. Med. J.. 113 (n.d.) 58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i6583.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6583"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib24","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"356","author":"Martineau","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1971.03180280086025","article-title":"Vitamin C and common cold","volume":"216","author":"Pauling","year":"1971","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib26","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Vitamin C supplementation for prevention and treatment of pneumonia","author":"Padhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib27","article-title":"Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold","author":"Rm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.24.4.527-531.1986","article-title":"In vitro effect of ascorbic acid on infectivity of herpesviruses and paramyxoviruses","volume":"24","author":"White","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1126\/science.101.2632.587.b","article-title":"The mechanism OF the virucidal action OF ascorbic acid","volume":"101","author":"Klein","year":"1945","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.574029","article-title":"The long history of vitamin C: from prevention of the common cold to potential aid in the treatment of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Cerullo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0806541","article-title":"Ascorbate deficiency results in impaired neutrophil apoptosis and clearance and is associated with up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1\u03b1","volume":"81","author":"Vissers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111211","article-title":"Vitamin C and immune function","volume":"9","author":"Carr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib33","article-title":"Ascorbic acid in blood serum of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumonia","volume":"8","author":"V Bakaev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Tubercul. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib34","series-title":"Vitamin C Supplementation in the Critically Ill: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","author":"Zhang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib35","first-page":"65","article-title":"The clinical and biochemical effects of vitamin C supplementation in short-stay hospitalized geriatric patients","volume":"54","author":"Hunt","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib36","series-title":"The Role of Vitamin A and Related Retinoids in Immune Function","first-page":"38","author":"Semba","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-020-02823-6","article-title":"Important roles of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline in human nutrition and health","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665199000403","article-title":"The effect of vitamin A on epithelial integrity","volume":"58","author":"McCullough","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6874.366","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation in infectious diseases: a meta-analysis","volume":"306","author":"Glasziou","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006090.pub2","article-title":"Vitamin A for preventing acute lower respiratory tract infections in children up to seven years of age","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib41","series-title":"Global Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Populations at Risk 1995-2005 WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib42","article-title":"Study OF serum magnesium level IN COPD and its impact ON exacerbation OF COPD","volume":"6","author":"Bhaumik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Original Res. Article J. Evid. Based Med. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib43","author":"Tisdale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib44","first-page":"948","article-title":"Guidance on minimizing risk of drug-induced ventricular arrhythmia during treatment of COVID-19: a statement from the Canadian heart rhythm society","volume":"36","author":"Sapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa095","article-title":"Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2005.07.015","article-title":"Copper, oxidative stress, and human health","volume":"26","author":"Uriu-Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Aspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0635-2","article-title":"Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine","volume":"74","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111618","article-title":"The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory role of polyphenols","volume":"10","author":"Yahfoufi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320953","article-title":"Digestive system is a potential route of COVID-19: an analysis of single-cell coexpression pattern of key proteins in viral entry process","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061737","article-title":"Can probiotics and diet promote beneficial immune modulation and purine control in coronavirus infection?","volume":"12","author":"Morais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061718","article-title":"Diet supplementation, probiotics, and nutraceuticals in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Infusino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225346","article-title":"The role of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium in immune system against COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14285","article-title":"In response to: low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity","volume":"93","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061620","article-title":"Reply: \u201cVitamin D supplementation in influenza and COVID-19 infections. Comment on: evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths nutrients 2020, 12(4), 988","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa252","article-title":"Serum 25(OH)D level on hospital admission associated with COVID-19 stage and mortality","volume":"155","author":"De Smet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092757","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and outcome of COVID-19 patients","volume":"12","author":"Radujkovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105771","article-title":"Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"204","author":"Annweiler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110649","article-title":"Emerging role of vitamin D and its associated molecules in pathways related to pathogenesis of thrombosis","volume":"9","author":"Mohammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib59","first-page":"17","article-title":"Zinc and respiratory tract infections: perspectives for COVID-19 (Review)","volume":"46","author":"Skalny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.014","article-title":"COVID-19: poor outcomes in patients with zinc deficiency","volume":"100","author":"Jothimani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib61","first-page":"68","article-title":"Magnesium and vitamin D deficiency as a potential cause of immune dysfunction, cytokine storm and disseminated intravascular coagulation in covid-19 patients","volume":"118","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173546","article-title":"Possibility of magnesium supplementation for supportive treatment in patients with COVID-19","volume":"886","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2004-168","article-title":"COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs","volume":"50","author":"Tufan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30216-2","article-title":"COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation","volume":"8","author":"Jose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.05.004","article-title":"Immunosenescence: implications for response to infection and vaccination in older people","volume":"82","author":"Pera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2009.09.005","article-title":"Senescence of the human immune system","volume":"142","author":"Pawelec","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2009.11.009","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunosenescence","volume":"104","author":"Agarwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32466-1","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"396","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665113001286","article-title":"Feeding the immune system","volume":"72","author":"Calder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."}],"container-title":["Human Nutrition &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666149722000044?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666149722000044?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T19:10:44Z","timestamp":1762974644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666149722000044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["S2666149722000044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-1497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-1497","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of micronutrients in the management of COIVD-19 and optimizing vaccine efficacy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Human Nutrition & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hnm.2022.200141","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"200141"}}