{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:28:38Z","timestamp":1788874118868,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hematology\/Oncology Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T03:15:21Z","timestamp":1405998921000},"page":"775-790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Smoldering Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Kyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus F.","family":"San-Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Victoria","family":"Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Vincent","family":"Rajkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Studies on conditions associated with disturbed gamma globulin formation (gammopathies)","volume":"56","author":"Waldenstrom","year":"1960","journal-title":"Harvey Lect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(78)90522-3","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Natural history in 241 cases","volume":"64","author":"Kyle","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.4065\/79.7.859","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of 241 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: the original Mayo Clinic series 25 years later","volume":"79","author":"Kyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.4065\/81.12.1575","article-title":"Elimination of the need for urine studies in the screening algorithm for monoclonal gammopathies by using serum immunofixation and free light chain assays","volume":"81","author":"Katzmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.126664","article-title":"Screening panels for detection of monoclonal gammopathies","volume":"55","author":"Katzmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.9.1437","article-title":"Serum reference intervals and diagnostic ranges for free kappa and free lambda immunoglobulin light chains: relative sensitivity for detection of monoclonal light chains","volume":"48","author":"Katzmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5412","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-12-194241","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) consistently precedes multiple myeloma: a prospective study","volume":"113","author":"Landgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04355.x","article-title":"Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group","volume":"121","author":"The International Myeloma Working Group","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2008.291","article-title":"Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma","volume":"23","author":"Kyle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa01133202","article-title":"A\u00a0long-term study of prognosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance","volume":"346","author":"Kyle","year":"2002","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05453.x","article-title":"Frequency of pathological proteins (M-components) of 6,995 sera from an adult population","volume":"179","author":"Axelsson","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V40.5.719.719","article-title":"Incidence of monoclonal proteins in a Minnesota community with a cluster of multiple myeloma","volume":"40","author":"Kyle","year":"1972","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.35.1.63","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathies in the adult population of Finistere, France","volume":"35","author":"Saleun","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054494","article-title":"Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance","volume":"354","author":"Kyle","year":"2006","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.06.014","article-title":"Incidence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and estimation of duration before first clinical recognition","volume":"87","author":"Therneau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00080-1","article-title":"Racial differences in the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy in a community-based sample of the elderly","volume":"104","author":"Cohen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.34","article-title":"Racial disparities in the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathies: a population-based study of 12 482 persons from the national health and nutritional examination survey","author":"Landgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)61090-2","article-title":"Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: study of 52,802 persons in Nagasaki City, Japan","volume":"82","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-387324","article-title":"Familial monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma: epidemiology, risk factors, and biological characteristics","volume":"119","author":"Greenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-12-192575","article-title":"Increased risk of monoclonal gammopathy in first-degree relatives of patients with multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance","volume":"114","author":"Vachon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60482-5","article-title":"Prevalence and risk of progression of light-chain monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a retrospective population-based cohort study","volume":"375","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2011.368","article-title":"Disparities in the prevalence, pathogenesis and progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma between blacks and whites","volume":"26","author":"Greenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-262394","article-title":"Obesity is associated with an increased risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) among African-American and Caucasian women","volume":"116","author":"Landgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6386","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-02-203471","article-title":"Pesticide exposure and risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in the Agricultural Health Study","volume":"25","author":"Landgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-159665","article-title":"Relationship between monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and radiation exposure in Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors","volume":"113","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.4065\/82.4.428","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: predictors of malignant transformation and recognition of an evolving type characterized by a progressive increase in M protein size","volume":"82","author":"Rosinol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181e763be","article-title":"Changing pattern of presentation in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a single-center experience with 1400 patients","volume":"89","author":"Varettoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.20.6.1625","article-title":"Prognostic factors for malignant transformation in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"20","author":"Cesana","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.3.912.bloodjournal873912","article-title":"Role of different hematologic variables in defining the risk of malignant transformation in monoclonal gammopathy","volume":"87","author":"Baldini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1038","article-title":"Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)","volume":"106","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07929.x","article-title":"Risk of progression in smouldering myeloma and monoclonal gammopathies of unknown significance: comparative analysis of the evolution of monoclonal component and multiparameter flow cytometry of bone marrow plasma cells","volume":"148","author":"P\u00e9rez-Persona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5668","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.159","article-title":"Prognostic value of circulating plasma cells in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance","volume":"23","author":"Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-349175","article-title":"Incidence, clinical course, and prognosis of secondary monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"118","author":"Wadhera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4292","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-07-445304","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance: when MGUS is no longer undetermined or insignificant","volume":"120","author":"Leung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1108178","article-title":"Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis\u2014a new look at an old entity","volume":"366","author":"Sethi","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.08.002","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy-associated proliferative glomerulonephritis","volume":"88","author":"Sethi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0520","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis, classification, risk stratification, and management of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: implications for recategorizing disease entities in the presence of evolving scientific evidence","volume":"85","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12198","article-title":"Diagnostic evaluation of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance","volume":"91","author":"Rajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.60","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management","volume":"24","author":"Kyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2405016","article-title":"Clinically relevant end points and new drug approvals for myeloma","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-381426","article-title":"Second malignancies after multiple myeloma: from 1960s to 2010s","volume":"119","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.34","article-title":"Risk of acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS): a population-based study of 17 315 patients","volume":"27","author":"Roeker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.22.2257","article-title":"Smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: current diagnostic criteria, new predictors of outcome, and follow-up recommendations","volume":"28","author":"Blade","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070389","article-title":"Clinical course and prognosis of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma","volume":"356","author":"Kyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2012.128","article-title":"Redefining myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1106428","article-title":"Diagnosis of smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"365","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04654.x","article-title":"Smoldering multiple myeloma: natural history and recognition of an evolving type","volume":"123","author":"Rosinol","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-08-108357","article-title":"Immunoglobulin free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma","volume":"111","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.296","article-title":"Serum free light chain ratio as a biomarker for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"27","author":"Larsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.237","article-title":"High levels of peripheral blood circulating plasma cells as a specific risk factor for progression of smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"27","author":"Bianchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-05-088443","article-title":"New criteria to identify risk of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance and smoldering multiple myeloma based on multiparameter flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow plasma cells","volume":"110","author":"Perez-Persona","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1995.13.1.251","article-title":"Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma","volume":"13","author":"Moulopoulos","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.25.5356","article-title":"Prognostic significance of focal lesions in whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma","volume":"28","author":"Hillengass","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.86","article-title":"Impact of primary molecular cytogenetic abnormalities and risk of progression in smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"27","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.48.4923","article-title":"Progression in smoldering myeloma is independently determined by the chromosomal abnormalities del(17p), t(4;14), gain 1q, hyperdiploidy, and tumor load","volume":"31","author":"Neben","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-07-515239","article-title":"Clinical, genomic, and imaging predictors of myeloma progression from asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies (SWOG S0120)","volume":"123","author":"Dhodapkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2013.160","article-title":"Haematological cancer: treatment of smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"10","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-08-520890","article-title":"Smoldering multiple myeloma requiring treatment: time for a new definition?","volume":"122","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-013-0174-1","article-title":"New approaches to smoldering myeloma","volume":"8","author":"Mateos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Hematol Malig Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1993.tb00148.x","article-title":"Initial versus deferred melphalan-prednisone therapy for asymptomatic multiple myeloma stage I\u2013a randomized study. Myeloma Group of Western Sweden","volume":"50","author":"Hjorth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.212","article-title":"A\u00a0prognostic index for multiple myeloma","volume":"73","author":"Grignani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.1999.1087","article-title":"Long-term survival of stage I multiple myeloma given chemotherapy just after diagnosis or at progression of the disease: a multicentre randomized study. Cooperative Group of Study and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"82","author":"Riccardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402866","article-title":"Thalidomide as initial therapy for early-stage myeloma","volume":"17","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.03.139","article-title":"Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma","volume":"21","author":"Weber","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-06-164228","article-title":"Seven-year median time to progression with thalidomide for smoldering myeloma: partial response identifies subset requiring earlier salvage therapy for symptomatic disease","volume":"112","author":"Barlogie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.236","article-title":"A\u00a0phase III randomized trial of thalidomide plus zoledronic acid versus zoledronic acid alone in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma","volume":"27","author":"Witzig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2002.03549.x","article-title":"Pamidronate induces bone formation in patients with smouldering or indolent myeloma, with no significant anti-tumour effect","volume":"118","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2011.553000","article-title":"Pamidronate versus observation in asymptomatic myeloma: final results with long-term follow-up of a randomized study","volume":"52","author":"D'Arena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23783","article-title":"A\u00a0multicenter, randomized clinical trial comparing zoledronic acid versus observation in patients with asymptomatic myeloma","volume":"113","author":"Musto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1300439","article-title":"Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"369","author":"Mateos","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Hematology\/Oncology Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889858814000793?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889858814000793?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:02:19Z","timestamp":1760184139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889858814000793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889858814000793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8588"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8588","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Smoldering Multiple Myeloma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Hematology\/Oncology Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.06.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}