{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:44:35Z","timestamp":1792028675999,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hematology\/Oncology Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]],"date-time":"2016-03-31T23:33:23Z","timestamp":1459467203000},"page":"477-495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Problems and Approaches for Blood Transfusion in the Developing Countries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"David J.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imelda","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8818","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91719-O","article-title":"Effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital","volume":"340","author":"Lackritz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01866.x","article-title":"Maternal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: the contribution of ineffective blood transfusion services","volume":"115","author":"Bates","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Developing a national blood system. 2015. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/bloodsafety\/clinical_use\/en\/. Accessed November 1, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib4","series-title":"Diarra-Nama A. Report on the status of blood safety in the WHO African region for 2004","author":"Tapko","year":"2007"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21010","article-title":"Use of replacement blood donors to study the epidemiology of major blood-borne viruses in the general population of Maputo, Mozambique","volume":"79","author":"Cunha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02137.x","article-title":"Characteristics of blood donors and donated blood in sub-Saharan Francophone Africa","volume":"49","author":"Tagny","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3148.2009.00958.x","article-title":"The blood donor in sub-Saharan Africa: a review","volume":"20","author":"Tagny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12133","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of human T-cell lymphotropic virus among Iranian adult thalassemic patients","volume":"24","author":"Keshvari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82455","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082455","article-title":"High prevalence of malaria parasitemia and anemia among hospitalized children in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Kiggundu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2012.01628.x","article-title":"A\u00a0study of blood transfusion services at a district hospital in Malawi","volume":"104","author":"Bugge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-383","article-title":"Association between malaria control and paediatric blood transfusions in rural Zambia: an interrupted time-series analysis","volume":"13","author":"Comfort","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.139349","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of malaria parasitemia among children requiring emergency blood transfusion in a tertiary hospital in Imo State, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Austin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106283442603","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted malaria in the United States from 1963 through 1999","volume":"344","author":"Mungai","year":"2001","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2015.03.004","article-title":"The epidemiology of imported malaria and transfusion policy in 5 nonendemic countries","volume":"29","author":"O'Brien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1086\/656806","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted malaria in countries where malaria is endemic: a review of the literature from sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"51","author":"Owusu-Ofori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit130","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted malaria in Ghana","volume":"56","author":"Owusu-Ofori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib17","first-page":"565","article-title":"Analysis of cost and effectiveness of pre-transfusion screening of donor blood and anti-malarial prophylaxis for recipients","volume":"82","author":"Rajab","year":"2005","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34201","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034201","article-title":"Impact of inconsistent policies for transfusion-transmitted malaria on clinical practice in Ghana","volume":"7","author":"Owusu-Ofori","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2009.265","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of blood and blood components in three major blood transfusion centers, Accra, Ghana","volume":"62","author":"Adjei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02344.x","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of pediatric whole blood transfusions in a Kenyan hospital","volume":"49","author":"Hassall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12163","article-title":"Seroepidemiology and clinical features of hepatitis delta among HBsAg carriers: a study from hepatitis clinic of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization","volume":"24","author":"Keshvari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib22","first-page":"64","article-title":"Blood transfusion practices in India: results of a national survey","volume":"19","author":"Kapoor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00512.x","article-title":"Evaluation of serologic screening of blood donors in India reveals a lack of correlation between anti-HBc titer and PCR-amplified HBV DNA","volume":"43","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2010.01340.x","article-title":"Reduced risk of transfusion-transmitted HIV in Kenya through centrally coordinated blood centres, stringent donor selection and effective p24 antigen-HIV antibody screening","volume":"99","author":"Basavaraju","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12054","article-title":"Hepatitis B in Moroccan blood donors: a decade trend of the HBsAg prevalence in a resources limited country","volume":"23","author":"Adouani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"3 Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2595","article-title":"Epidemiological update of hepatitis B, C and delta in Latin America","volume":"18","author":"Alvarado-Mora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib27","first-page":"613","article-title":"Progress toward prevention of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection\u2013sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-2011","volume":"63","author":"Apata","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib28","unstructured":"WHO. Global database on blood safety. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/bloodsafety\/global_database\/en\/. Accessed November 1, 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5144\/1658-3876.2012.54","article-title":"Prevalence of HBV and HCV infection among multi-transfused Egyptian thalassemic patients","volume":"5","author":"Mansour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.144319","article-title":"Trends in hepatitis C infection among hemodialysis patients in Senegal: results of a decade of prevention","volume":"25","author":"Seck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"10 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12311","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, incidence, and residual transmission risk in first-time and repeat blood donations in Zimbabwe: implications on blood safety","volume":"53","author":"Mapako","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib32","first-page":"330","article-title":"The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections at the Gabonese National Blood Transfusion Centre","volume":"12","author":"Rerambiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2015.03.001","article-title":"Keeping blood transfusion safe from West Nile virus: American red cross experience, 2003 to 2012","volume":"29","author":"Dodd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12198","article-title":"Constant risk of dengue virus infection by blood transfusion in an endemic area in Mexico","volume":"25","author":"Arellanos-Soto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03747.x","article-title":"Dengue in the context of \u201csafe blood\u201d and global epidemiology: to screen or not to screen?","volume":"52","author":"Lanteri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/voxs.12083","article-title":"Current epidemiology and clinical practice in arboviral infections - implications on blood supply in South-East Asia","volume":"9","author":"Gan","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISBT Sci Ser"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01646.x","article-title":"Estimated risk of chikungunya viremic blood donation during an epidemic on Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean, 2005 to 2007","volume":"48","author":"Brouard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3148.2007.00798.x","article-title":"Reducing replacement donors in Sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and affordability","volume":"17","author":"Bates","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib39","series-title":"Blood: an epic history of medicine and commerce","author":"Starr","year":"2002"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08708.x","article-title":"Moving on from voluntary non-remunerated donors: who is the best blood donor?","volume":"154","author":"Allain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12124","article-title":"Demographic, risk factors and motivations among blood donors with reactive serologic tests for syphilis in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-256","article-title":"Survival and haematological recovery of children with severe malaria transfused in accordance to WHO guidelines in Kilifi, Kenya","volume":"7","author":"Akech","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0246-7","article-title":"Anaemia and blood transfusion in African children presenting to hospital with severe febrile illness","volume":"13","author":"Kiguli","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib44","first-page":"537","article-title":"Review of causes of maternal deaths in Botswana in 2010","volume":"103","author":"Ray","year":"2013","journal-title":"S\u00a0Afr Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13040","article-title":"The impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on obstetric hemorrhage and blood transfusion in South Africa","volume":"55","author":"Bloch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-158","article-title":"Readiness of district and regional hospitals in Burkina Faso to provide caesarean section and blood transfusion services: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Compaore","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24698","article-title":"Chronic blood transfusion for primary and secondary stroke prevention in Nigerian children with sickle cell disease: a 5-year appraisal","volume":"60","author":"Lagunju","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4103\/1117-1936.164707","article-title":"Stroke recurrence in Nigerian children with sickle cell disease treated with hydroxyurea","volume":"20","author":"Lagunju","year":"2013","journal-title":"Niger Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25289","article-title":"Primary stroke prevention in Nigerian children with sickle cell disease (SPIN): challenges of conducting a feasibility trial","volume":"62","author":"Galadanci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25529","article-title":"Hydroxyurea lowers transcranial Doppler flow velocities in children with sickle cell anaemia in a Nigerian cohort","volume":"62","author":"Lagunju","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-014-2154-5","article-title":"Response to hydroxycarbamide in pediatric beta-thalassemia intermedia: 8 years' follow-up in Egypt","volume":"93","author":"El-Beshlawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12170","article-title":"Epidemiology of blood component recipients in hospitals of Yazd, Iran","volume":"25","author":"Javadzadeh Shahshahani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13010","article-title":"Blood utilization at a national referral hospital in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"55","author":"Butler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"9305","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07666-3","article-title":"Blood transfusion for severe anaemia in children in a Kenyan hospital","volume":"359","author":"English","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib55","unstructured":"Organization, W.H. Universal access to safe blood transfusion. 2015. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/bloodsafety\/universalbts\/en\/. Accessed November 1, 2015."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12214","article-title":"Four decades of National Blood Service in Iran: outreach, prospect and challenges","volume":"25","author":"Pourfathollah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12107","article-title":"Legislative reforms of the blood transfusion system in Pakistan","volume":"24","author":"Zaheer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001309","article-title":"External financial aid to blood transfusion services in sub-Saharan Africa: a need for reflection","volume":"9","author":"Ala","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib59","unstructured":"Africa, S.B.f. Safe Blood for Africa Foundation 2015. Available at: http:\/\/www.safebloodforafrica.org\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=344&Itemid=516. Accessed November 11, 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01599.x","article-title":"A\u00a0pool of repeat blood donors can be generated with little expense to the blood center in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"48","author":"Allain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12218","article-title":"Motivators and deterrents to blood donation among Black South Africans: a qualitative analysis of focus group data","volume":"25","author":"Muthivhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"9734","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60835-5","article-title":"Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"376","author":"CRASH-2 Trial Collaborators","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9358","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12565-2","article-title":"Umbilical-cord blood for transfusion in children with severe anaemia in under-resourced countries","volume":"361","author":"Hassall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03487.x","article-title":"The microbiologic safety of umbilical cord blood transfusion for children with severe anemia in Mombasa, Kenya","volume":"52","author":"Hassall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03797.x","article-title":"Multinational assessment of blood-borne virus testing and transfusion safety on the African continent","volume":"53","author":"Laperche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2014.09.003","article-title":"The use of rapid diagnostic tests for transfusion infectious screening in Africa: a literature review","volume":"29","author":"Pruett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib67","first-page":"192","article-title":"HIV screening in blood donors: rapid diagnostic test versus enhanced ELISA","volume":"23","author":"Orkuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Niger J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12182","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot external quality assurance study of transfusion screening for HIV, HCV and HBsAG in 12 African countries","volume":"107","author":"Bloch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02110.x","article-title":"Impact of individual-donation nucleic acid testing on risk of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus transmission by blood transfusion in South Africa","volume":"49","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"10 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12299","article-title":"Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus RNA and antibody in first-time, lapsed, and repeat blood donations across five international regions and relative efficacy of alternative screening scenarios","volume":"53","author":"Bruhn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12180","article-title":"NAT yield for human immunodeficiency and hepatitis C viruses in Brazilian blood donors: preliminary results","volume":"25","author":"Andrea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"10 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12218","article-title":"Sensitivity of individual-donation and minipool nucleic acid amplification test options in detecting window period and occult hepatitis B virus infections","volume":"53","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2012.01640.x","article-title":"Reduction of the risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infection by nucleic acid amplification testing in the Western Cape of South Africa: a 5-year review","volume":"104","author":"Cable","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12110","article-title":"Transfusion transmitted infections in thalassaemics: need for reappraisal of blood screening strategy in India","volume":"24","author":"Shyamala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00593-14","article-title":"SAMBA HIV semiquantitative test, a new point-of-care viral-load-monitoring assay for resource-limited settings","volume":"52","author":"Ritchie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12217","article-title":"Parallel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening for human immunodeficiency virus among blood donors in five Chinese blood centres: a retrospective analysis","volume":"25","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/15.3.287","article-title":"Financing blood transfusion services in sub-Saharan Africa: a role for user fees?","volume":"15","author":"Hensher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2014.10.011","article-title":"An audit of the use of platelet transfusions at Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa","volume":"51","author":"Sonnekus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib79","first-page":"916","article-title":"Resource implications of adopting a restrictive neonatal blood transfusion policy","volume":"103","author":"Harrison","year":"2013","journal-title":"S\u00a0Afr Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132814Y.0000000425","article-title":"Targeting a zero blood transfusion rate in the repair of craniospinal dysraphism: outcome of a surgical technique for developing countries","volume":"37","author":"Adeleye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib81","first-page":"754","article-title":"Intra-operative cell salvage in South Africa: feasible, beneficial and economical","volume":"103","author":"Solomon","year":"2013","journal-title":"S\u00a0Afr Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2013.09.003","article-title":"Exchange transfusion as a life-saving intervention in three patients with different haematological malignancies with severe hyperleukocytosis where leukapheresis was not available","volume":"49","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12256","article-title":"The Choosing Wisely campaign to reduce harmful medical overuse: its close association with Patient Blood Management initiatives","volume":"25","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12690","article-title":"Fourteen-year experience of a tertiary hospital transfusion committee in West Africa","volume":"54","author":"Opare-Sem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib85","first-page":"145","article-title":"Acute blood transfusion reactions in pregnancy, an observational study from North Eastern Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Blood Disord Transfus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib86","first-page":"352","article-title":"Estimation of the prevalence and rate of acute transfusion reactions occurring in Windhoek, Namibia","volume":"12","author":"Meza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2011.11.001","article-title":"Implementation of hemovigilance in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"19","author":"Dahourou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfus Clin Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12058","article-title":"Knowledge and barriers related to reporting of acute transfusion reactions among healthcare workers in Namibia","volume":"23","author":"Basavaraju","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2013.04.111","article-title":"Sickle cell anemia and transfusion safety in Bamako, Mali. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV infections and alloimmunization belonged to Rh and Kell systems in sickle cell anemia patients","volume":"20","author":"Diarra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfus Clin Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2013-0016-OA","article-title":"Predictors of red cell alloimmunization in multitransfused Egyptian patients with beta-thalassemia","volume":"138","author":"Hussein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12196","article-title":"Red cell alloimmunisation in regularly transfused beta thalassemia patients in Pakistan","volume":"25","author":"Zaidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"11 Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12409","article-title":"A\u00a0comprehensive survey of both RHD and RHCE allele frequencies in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"53","author":"Granier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib93","first-page":"s264","article-title":"Systematic RH genotyping and variant identification in French donors of African origin","volume":"12","author":"Kappler-Gratias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12211","article-title":"Anti-D alloimmunisation in pregnant women with DEL phenotype in China","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2015.02.003","article-title":"Transfusion Medicine in Sub-Saharan Africa: conference summary","volume":"29","author":"Dzik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12684","article-title":"Acute transfusion reactions at a national referral hospital in Uganda: a prospective study","volume":"54","author":"Waiswa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g6827","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6827","article-title":"Clinical trials of Ebola therapies to begin in December","volume":"349","author":"Gulland","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv042","article-title":"Evaluating large-scale blood transfusion therapy for the current Ebola epidemic in Liberia","volume":"211","author":"Gutfraind","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9951","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61693-7","article-title":"Ebola: a call for blood transfusion strategy in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"384","author":"Burnouf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12609","article-title":"Global health and transfusion medicine: education and training in developing countries","volume":"54","author":"Eichbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib101","first-page":"113","article-title":"The prevalence of syphilis among blood donors in a centralized Nigerian Blood Transfusion Service Centre","volume":"22","author":"Damulak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Niger J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2014.10.009","article-title":"Determining the outcomes for clinicians completing a postgraduate diploma in transfusion medicine","volume":"51","author":"Louw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2014.10.015","article-title":"Transfusion education and practice in South Africa","volume":"51","author":"Louw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"issue":"8 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000353","article-title":"Enhancement of health research capacity in Nigeria through north-south and in-country partnerships","volume":"89","author":"Olaleye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib105","unstructured":"MUHAS. Muhimbili Wellcome Programme. Training and Capacity Building - MMed in Haematology and Blood Transfusion. Available at: http:\/\/www.muhimbili-wellcome.org\/training. Accessed November 11, 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2013.10.002","article-title":"The Francophone Africa Blood Transfusion Research Network: a five-year report","volume":"21","author":"Tagny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus Clin Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011_bib107","unstructured":"Bates I, Hassall O. Workshop on blood transfusion research in sub-Saharan Africa. 2015. Available at: http:\/\/www.t-rec.eu\/highlights\/documents\/Workshoponbloodtransfusionresearchinsub-SaharanAfricaexternal.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2015."}],"container-title":["Hematology\/Oncology Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889858815001987?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889858815001987?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:04:25Z","timestamp":1760184265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889858815001987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889858815001987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8588"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8588","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Problems and Approaches for Blood Transfusion in the Developing Countries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Hematology\/Oncology Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}