{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:59:24Z","timestamp":1780617564176,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007112","name":"University of Cape Town","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["505\/507\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["505\/507\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007112","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["heartrhythmopen.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heart Rhythm O2"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T21:57:24Z","timestamp":1682200644000},"page":"343-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnoses, management patterns, and outcomes of cardiac sarcoidosis in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9452-9412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philasande","family":"Mkoko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.03.043","article-title":"HRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"Birnie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201511-760OC","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in America. Analysis based on health care use","volume":"13","author":"Baughman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704243361706","article-title":"Sarcoidosis","volume":"336","author":"Newman","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.10.024","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcoidosis 1946\u20132013: a population-based study","volume":"91","author":"Ungprasert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"10 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.10.2104046","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis","volume":"164","author":"Baughman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 59","key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib6","first-page":"PA841","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in Johannesburg, South Africa: a retrospective study","volume":"46","author":"Morar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib7","first-page":"119","article-title":"The organ-specific extrapulmonary presentation of sarcoidosis: a frequent occurrence but a challenge to an early diagnosis. A 3-year-long prospective observational study","volume":"21","author":"Rizzato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib8","first-page":"275","article-title":"Causes of death in patients with chronic sarcoidosis","volume":"33","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.44.249","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological profile of sarcoidosis of the heart and acute idiopathic myocarditis concepts through a study employing endomyocardial biopsy i. Sarcoidosis: Symposium on Secondary Myocardial Disease","volume":"44","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Jpn Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2015.08.008","article-title":"Cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"36","author":"Birnie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200209000-00017","article-title":"Detection of myocardial involvement in patients with sarcoidosis applying T2-weighted, contrast-enhanced, and cine magnetic resonance imaging: initial results of a prospective study","volume":"26","author":"Vignaux","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.851352","article-title":"Detection of myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"120","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2784","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in patients with sarcoidosis: diagnostic and prognostic value of outpatient testing","volume":"133","author":"Mehta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib14","first-page":"89","article-title":"Diagnostic standard and guidelines for sarcoidosis","volume":"27","author":"Welfare","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn J Sarcoidosis Granulomatuous Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","author":"Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(99)70115-8","article-title":"Histologic diagnostic rate of cardiac sarcoidosis: evaluation of endomyocardial biopsies","volume":"138","author":"Uemura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.186093","article-title":"The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease","volume":"116","author":"Cooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13497","article-title":"Value of 3D mapping-guided endomyocardial biopsy in cardiac sarcoidosis: case series and narrative review on the value of electro-anatomic mapping-guided endomyocardial biopsies","volume":"51","author":"Haanschoten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2014.03.015","article-title":"Electrogram guidance: a method to increase the precision and diagnostic yield of endomyocardial biopsy for suspected cardiac sarcoidosis and myocarditis","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib20","series-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1407380","article-title":"Prednisolone and Mycobacterium indicus pranii in tuberculous pericarditis","volume":"371","author":"Mayosi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200005010-00004","article-title":"Autopsy study of HIV-1-positive and HIV-1-negative adult medical patients in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"24","author":"Rana","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199111000-00004","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"70","author":"Shafer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib24","first-page":"422","article-title":"Cardiac tuberculosis. A study of 19 patients","volume":"111","author":"Rose","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"7 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2003.t01-1-00217.x","article-title":"Cardiac sarcoidosis masquerading as right ventricular dysplasia","volume":"26","author":"Ott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01351.x","article-title":"Prospective study of cardiac sarcoid mimicking arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia","volume":"20","author":"Vasaiwala","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.000932","article-title":"Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia\/cardiomyopathy and cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"7","author":"Philips","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.09.015","article-title":"Differentiating hereditary arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy from cardiac sarcoidosis fulfilling 2010 ARVC Task Force Criteria","volume":"18","author":"Gasperetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.04.032","article-title":"The precordial R\u02b9 wave: a novel discriminator between cardiac sarcoidosis and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in patients presenting with ventricular tachycardia","volume":"18","author":"Hoogendoorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011522","article-title":"Cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"131","author":"Kandolin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Heart Rhythm O2"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666501823000910?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666501823000910?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:26:29Z","timestamp":1762993589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666501823000910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666501823000910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-5018"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-5018","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnoses, management patterns, and outcomes of cardiac sarcoidosis in South Africa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heart Rhythm O2","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.04.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}