{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:34:39Z","timestamp":1787906079671,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["heartrhythmopen.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heart Rhythm O2"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T08:43:53Z","timestamp":1712825033000},"page":"310-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Antiarrhythmic effects of metformin"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Lorraine","family":"Mascarenhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Downey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2154-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selcuk","family":"Adabag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib1","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation","volume":"2","author":"Brundel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.23700","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation","volume":"325","author":"Baman","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316340","article-title":"Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in the 21st century: novel methods and new insights","volume":"127","author":"Kornej","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib4","article-title":"Oral anticoagulants for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation: systematic review, network meta-analysis, and cost effectiveness analysis","volume":"359","author":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.03.005","article-title":"Heart failure and atrial fibrillation, like fire and fury","volume":"7","author":"Carlisle","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317715769","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation and the risk for myocardial infarction, all-cause mortality and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Ruddox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.118.006350","article-title":"Lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation by race and socioeconomic status: ARIC Study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities)","volume":"11","author":"Mou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.958165","article-title":"Estimation of total incremental health care costs in patients with atrial fibrillation in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.3","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death: epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"7","author":"Adabag","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.553","article-title":"Sudden death after myocardial infarction","volume":"300","author":"Adabag","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.10.019","article-title":"Etiology of sudden death in the community: results of anatomical, metabolic, and genetic evaluation","volume":"159","author":"Adabag","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2021.10.007","article-title":"Arrhythmic causes of in-hospital cardiac arrest among patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"2","author":"Hooks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.12.009","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death risk prediction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"17","author":"Adabag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.02.006","article-title":"Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"3","author":"Anantha Narayanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2007.00157.x","article-title":"Implications of arrhythmias and prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"12","author":"Adabag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2016.10.029","article-title":"Outcomes of sudden cardiac arrest in a state-wide integrated resuscitation program: results from the Minnesota Resuscitation Consortium","volume":"110","author":"Adabag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14711","article-title":"Mortality associated with antiarrhythmic medication for atrial fibrillation among patients with left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"46","author":"Agdamag","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.02.004","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, blood glucose and the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"32","author":"Aune","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01176-4","article-title":"Effects of metformin on atrial and ventricular arrhythmias: evidence from cell to patient","volume":"19","author":"Nantsupawat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07037-8","article-title":"Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group","volume":"352","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01359-7","article-title":"Metformin improves lipid metabolism and reverses the Warburg effect in a canine model of chronic atrial fibrillation","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.009115","article-title":"Metformin is associated with a lower risk of atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias compared with sulfonylureas: an observational study","volume":"14","author":"Ostropolets","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197245","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic drugs use and new-onset atrial fibrillation: a population-based nested case control study","volume":"13","author":"Liou","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-014-0123-x","article-title":"Association of metformin with lower atrial fibrillation risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based dynamic cohort and in\u00a0vitro studies","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib25","article-title":"Metformin use is associated with a lower incidence of hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Tseng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib26","article-title":"Transcriptomics-based network medicine approach identifies metformin as a repurposable drug for atrial fibrillation","volume":"3","author":"Lal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-021-01841-4","article-title":"Metformin versus sulphonylureas for new onset atrial fibrillation and stroke in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based study","volume":"59","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12754","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic drugs use and new-onset atrial fibrillation in elderly patients","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2022.108315","article-title":"Association between first-line monotherapy with metformin and the risk of atrial fibrillation (AMRAF) in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Iqbal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib30","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Recurrent atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation: considerations for repeat ablation and strategies to optimize success","volume":"9","author":"Darby","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Atr Fibrillation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.06.038","article-title":"Risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation and stroke after radiofrequency ablation of isolated, typical atrial flutter","volume":"11","author":"Voight","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14954","article-title":"Effect of metformin on outcomes of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation","volume":"32","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0166-5","article-title":"Postoperative atrial fibrillation: mechanisms, manifestations and management","volume":"16","author":"Dobrev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023921","article-title":"Perioperative\/postoperative atrial fibrillation and risk of subsequent stroke and\/or mortality","volume":"50","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-4-61","article-title":"Dose dependent effect of statins on postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery among patients treated with beta blockers","volume":"4","author":"Mithani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-017-0254-8","article-title":"Metformin therapy and postoperative atrial fibrillation in diabetic patients after cardiac surgery","volume":"5","author":"Basnet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00121-7","article-title":"Effect of metformin pretreatment on myocardial injury during coronary artery bypass surgery in patients without diabetes (MetCAB): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"El Messaoudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.026289","article-title":"Sulfonylurea is associated with higher risks of ventricular arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death compared with metformin: a population-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15000","article-title":"Sulphonylureas versus metformin and the risk of ventricular arrhythmias among people with type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12100979","article-title":"The cardiovascular benefits and infections risk of sglt2i versus metformin in type 2 diabetes: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012512","article-title":"Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin","volume":"346","author":"Knowler","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.07.045","article-title":"Impact of intensive glycemic control on the incidence of atrial fibrillation and associated cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study)","volume":"114","author":"Fatemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102374","article-title":"Combined vildagliptin and metformin exert better cardioprotection than monotherapy against ischemia-reperfusion injury in obese-insulin resistant rats","volume":"9","author":"Apaijai","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4287-2","article-title":"Metformin prevents ischaemic ventricular fibrillation in metabolically normal pigs","volume":"60","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000313","article-title":"Oxidant and inflammatory mechanisms and targeted therapy in atrial fibrillation: an update","volume":"66","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.2","article-title":"Inflammation and the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2008.01177.x","article-title":"Long-term prognostic value of baseline C-reactive protein in predicting recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion","volume":"31","author":"Korantzopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019708","article-title":"Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"10","author":"Adabag","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7751","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15407","article-title":"Metformin regulates adiponectin signalling in epicardial adipose tissue and reduces atrial fibrillation vulnerability","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s42444-021-00048-6","article-title":"Pathophysiological role of major adipokines in atrial fibrillation","volume":"22","author":"Rafaqat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Arrhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.09.006","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study","volume":"155","author":"Marcus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2015.1042030","article-title":"Role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation: a novel potential therapeutic target?","volume":"47","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.03.110","article-title":"Atrial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation: the role of the TGF-\u03b21 signaling pathway","volume":"143","author":"Gramley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib54","article-title":"Association of plasma transforming growth factor-\u03b21 levels and the risk of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2010.05.006","article-title":"Protective effect of epicardial adiponectin on atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery","volume":"39","author":"Kourliouros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.09.025","article-title":"Low adiponectin level may contribute to higher incidence of postcardiac surgery atrial fibrillation in obese patients","volume":"93","author":"Assar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S10095","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines and atrial fibrillation: current and prospective views","volume":"3","author":"Hadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2006","article-title":"Arrhythmogenic ion-channel remodeling in the heart: heart failure, myocardial infarction, and atrial fibrillation","volume":"87","author":"Nattel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.11.013","article-title":"Region-specific gene expression profiles in the left atria of patients with valvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"10","author":"Yeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/652097","article-title":"Potential role of nuclear factor \u03baB in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"2011","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.12.036","article-title":"Cardiovascular oxidative stress is reduced by an ACE inhibitor in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes","volume":"79","author":"Fiordaliso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12560","article-title":"Defining the role of oxidative stress in atrial fibrillation and diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Ziolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910513","article-title":"Calcium signaling silencing in atrial fibrillation: implications for atrial sodium homeostasis","volume":"22","author":"Kaplan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-012-0109-9","article-title":"Calcium handling and atrial fibrillation","volume":"162","author":"Heijman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-009-0457-1","article-title":"Atrial Ca2+ signaling in atrial fibrillation as an antiarrhythmic drug target","volume":"381","author":"Dobrev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq324","article-title":"The ryanodine receptor channel as a molecular motif in atrial fibrillation: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications","volume":"89","author":"Dobrev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.03.011","article-title":"Calcium-voltage coupling in the genesis of early and delayed afterdepolarizations in cardiac myocytes","volume":"108","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020544","article-title":"Modulation of SERCA in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation treated by epicardial thoracoscopic ablation: the CAMAF study","volume":"9","author":"Sardu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4161\/adip.26684","article-title":"Is the lack of adiponectin associated with increased ER\/SR stress and inflammation in the heart?","volume":"3","author":"Boddu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00024.2007","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying acute protection from cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"88","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.09.016","article-title":"Myocardial ischemia and ventricular fibrillation: pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"119","author":"Luqman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.12.029","article-title":"Effect of coronary artery bypass grafting on left ventricular ejection fraction in men eligible for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator","volume":"117","author":"Vakil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.020993","article-title":"Predictors of sudden cardiac arrest among patients with post-myocardial infarction ejection fraction greater than 35","volume":"10","author":"Adabag","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15315","article-title":"Improvement of left ventricular function with surgical revascularization in patients eligible for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator","volume":"33","author":"Adabag","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004431","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.115.004431","article-title":"Echocardiographic predictors of sudden cardiac death: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"9","author":"Konety","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2010.03.036","article-title":"Remodeled left ventricular myocardium remote to infarction sites is the arrhythmogenic substrate for sudden cardiac death","volume":"75","author":"Tsai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.07.001","article-title":"The role of AMPK in cardiomyocyte health and survival","volume":"1862","author":"Bairwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1266","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01087.2007","article-title":"Ischemia-induced activation of AMPK does not increase glucose uptake in glycogen-replete isolated working rat hearts","volume":"294","author":"Omar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.26.107","article-title":"Cardioprotection by metformin is abolished by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in ischemic rabbit hearts","volume":"26","author":"Kawabata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.08.029","article-title":"The Warburg effect: a new insight into atrial fibrillation","volume":"499","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.12.001","article-title":"The Warburg effect: how does it benefit cancer cells?","volume":"41","author":"Liberti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-020-10069-6","article-title":"Activation of AMP-activated protein kinases prevents atrial fibrillation","volume":"14","author":"Ozcan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224713","article-title":"Correlation between increased atrial expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism and autophagy in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation","volume":"15","author":"Shingu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196709","article-title":"Lipidomic profiling reveals free fatty acid alterations in plasma from patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"13","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw001","article-title":"Cardiac adipose tissue and atrial fibrillation: the perils of adiposity","volume":"109","author":"Hatem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib86","article-title":"Enhancing fatty acids oxidation via L-carnitine attenuates obesity-related atrial fibrillation and structural remodeling by activating AMPK signaling and alleviating cardiac lipotoxicity","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-015-0497-2","article-title":"Arrhythmia causes lipid accumulation and reduced glucose uptake","volume":"110","author":"Lenski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1059-7","article-title":"Metformin regulates lipid metabolism in a canine model of atrial fibrillation through AMPK\/PPAR-\u03b1\/VLCAD pathway","volume":"18","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaa009","article-title":"Atrial fibrosis as a dominant factor for the development of atrial fibrillation: facts and gaps","volume":"22","author":"Xintarakou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib90","first-page":"233","article-title":"Atrial fibrosis: an obligatory component of arrhythmia mechanisms in atrial fibrillation?","volume":"14","author":"Platonov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0805-5","article-title":"Metformin restores electrophysiology of small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in the atrium of GK diabetic rats","volume":"18","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.141213","article-title":"Atrial AMP-activated protein kinase is critical for prevention of dysregulation of electrical excitability and atrial fibrillation","volume":"7","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.04.056","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation activates AMP-dependent protein kinase and its regulation of cellular calcium handling: potential role in metabolic adaptation and prevention of progression","volume":"66","author":"Harada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.23.2331","article-title":"Tachycardia-induced change of atrial refractory period in humans: rate dependency and effects of antiarrhythmic drugs","volume":"97","author":"Yu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.04.097","article-title":"Inducibility of atrial fibrillation during electrophysiologic evaluation is associated with increased dispersion of atrial refractoriness","volume":"136","author":"Oliveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117759","article-title":"Metformin therapy confers cardioprotection against the remodeling of gap junction in tachycardia-induced atrial fibrillation dog model","volume":"254","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.167718","article-title":"Ablation of a Ca2+-activated K+ channel (SK2 channel) results in action potential prolongation in atrial myocytes and atrial fibrillation","volume":"587","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.01.033","article-title":"Proarrhythmic effect of blocking the small conductance calcium activated potassium channel in isolated canine left atrium","volume":"10","author":"Hsueh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2020.07.011","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo knockdown of SK3 channels using antisense oligonucleotides protects against atrial fibrillation in rats","volume":"147","author":"Saljic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4065\/84.3.289","article-title":"Ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac death","volume":"84","author":"Koplan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.06.036","article-title":"Ischemic ventricular arrhythmias: experimental models and their clinical relevance","volume":"8","author":"Di Diego","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.12.184","article-title":"Cardiac contractility modulation increases action potential duration dispersion and decreases ventricular fibrillation threshold via \u03b21-adrenoceptor activation in the crystalloid perfused normal rabbit heart","volume":"172","author":"Winter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.01.012","article-title":"Relation of prolonged P-wave duration to risk of sudden cardiac death in the general population (from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study)","volume":"119","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.4.637","article-title":"Arrhythmias and mortality after myocardial infarction in diabetic patients. Relationship to diabetes treatment","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Heart Rhythm O2"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666501824000989?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666501824000989?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T08:04:57Z","timestamp":1716192297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666501824000989"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666501824000989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-5018"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-5018","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antiarrhythmic effects of metformin","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heart Rhythm O2","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hroo.2024.04.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Heart Rhythm Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}