{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T06:43:01Z","timestamp":1761547381786,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004374","name":"Medtronic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","heartrhythmjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heart Rhythm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,16]],"date-time":"2006-12-16T07:14:33Z","timestamp":1166253273000},"page":"478-486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Direct measurements of membrane time constant during defibrillation strength shocks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Vinod","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fujian","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir P.","family":"Nikolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"DeGroot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor R.","family":"Efimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2000.tb00173.x","article-title":"Defibrillation mechanisms: the parable of the blind men and the elephant","volume":"11","author":"Ideker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2000.tb01805.x","article-title":"Virtual electrodes and deexcitation: new insights into fibrillation induction and defibrillation","volume":"11","author":"Efimov","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1063\/1.166298","article-title":"The induction of reentry in cardiac tissue","volume":"8","author":"Roth","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035432","article-title":"Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators","volume":"349","author":"DiMarco","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.7.809","article-title":"Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: expanding indications and technologies","volume":"295","author":"Goldberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90439-7","article-title":"Comparison of the internal defibrillation thresholds for monophasic and double and single capacitor biphasic waveforms","volume":"14","author":"Kavanagh","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90311-2","article-title":"A prospective, randomized evaluation of effect of ventricular fibrillation duration on defibrillation thresholds in humans","volume":"13","author":"Bardy","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(10)80108-1","article-title":"Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation without thoracotomy using an endocardial and submuscular patch system","volume":"17","author":"McCowan","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.85.1.196","article-title":"A permanent transvenous lead system for an implantable pacemaker cardioverter-defibrillator","volume":"85","author":"Yee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.2.543","article-title":"A simplified, single-lead unipolar transvenous cardioversion-defibrillation system","volume":"88","author":"Bardy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00157-X","article-title":"Multicenter experience with a pectoral unipolar implantable cardioverter-defibrillator","volume":"28","author":"Bardy","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1996.tb00564.x","article-title":"Transvenous defibrillation lead systems","volume":"7","author":"Gold","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.18.1.10","article-title":"Optimal parameters of electrical impulses for defibrillation by condenser discharges","volume":"18","author":"Peleska","year":"1966","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1993.tb01657.x","article-title":"A minimal model of the monophasic defibrillation pulse","volume":"16","author":"Kroll","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1995.tb00450.x","article-title":"Choosing the optimal monophasic and biphasic waveforms for ventricular defibrillation","volume":"6","author":"Walcott","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1995.tb04662.x","article-title":"Optimal truncation of defibrillation pulses","volume":"18","author":"Irnich","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1996.tb04188.x","article-title":"A conceptual basis for defibrillation waveforms","volume":"19","author":"Cleland","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.9.2813","article-title":"Application of models of defibrillation to human defibrillation data: implications for optimizing implantable defibrillator capacitance","volume":"96","author":"Swerdlow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1109\/10.817620","article-title":"Theoretical predictions of the optimal monophasic and biphasic defibrillation waveshapes","volume":"47","author":"Fishler","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1973.324287","article-title":"An optimally energized cardiac pacemaker","volume":"20","author":"Klafter","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1994.tb03746.x","article-title":"A minimal model of the single capacitor biphasic defibrillation waveform","volume":"17","author":"Kroll","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.9.2278","article-title":"Charge-burping theory correctly predicts optimal ratios of phase duration for biphasic defibrillation waveforms","volume":"94","author":"Swerdlow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib23","first-page":"620","article-title":"Is the membrane time constant for defibrillation independent of the shock waveform?","volume":"24","author":"Shorofsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2005.030973","article-title":"Defibrillation of the heart: insights into mechanisms from modelling studies","volume":"91","author":"Trayanova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1114\/1.264","article-title":"Influence of the electric axis of stimulation on the induced transmembrane potentials in ellipsoidal bidomain heart","volume":"28","author":"Entcheva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000174429.00987.17","article-title":"Differences between left and right ventricular chamber geometry affect cardiac vulnerability to electric shocks","volume":"97","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02456749","article-title":"Tissue stimulation: theoretical considerations and practical applications","volume":"23","author":"Geddes","year":"1985","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib28","first-page":"915","article-title":"Strength duration curves for short time constant truncated exponential monophasic waveforms","volume":"16","author":"Walker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90572-X","article-title":"Ventricular defibrillation using biphasic waveforms: the importance of phasic duration","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(80)80088-4","article-title":"Bipolar catheter defibrillation in dogs using trapezoidal waveforms of various tilts","volume":"13","author":"Wessale","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1053\/eupc.2001.0199","article-title":"Kinetics of defibrillation shock-induced response: design implications for the optimal defibrillation waveform","volume":"4","author":"Mowrey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1995.tb00397.x","article-title":"Responses of the transmembrane potential of myocardial cells during a shock","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H569","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01117.2004","article-title":"Mechanisms of superiority of ascending ramp waveforms: new insights into mechanisms of shock-induced vulnerability and defibrillation","volume":"289","author":"Qu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib34","first-page":"S37","article-title":"Microsecond response of a voltage-sensitive merocyanine dye: fast voltage-clamp measurements on squid giant axon","volume":"43","author":"Salzberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Jpn J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib35","first-page":"86A","article-title":"The effect of tilt on defibrillation efficacy","volume":"23","author":"Shorofsky","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.10.3517","article-title":"Strength-duration relationship for human transvenous defibrillation","volume":"96","author":"Gold","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.83.10.1003","article-title":"Spatial changes in the transmembrane potential during extracellular electric stimulation","volume":"83","author":"Zhou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.013197","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity of transmembrane potential responses of single guinea-pig cardiac cells during electric field stimulation","volume":"542","author":"Sharma","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(97)78173-6","article-title":"A generalized activating function for predicting virtual electrodes in cardiac tissue","volume":"73","author":"Sobie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1579","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.4.H1579","article-title":"Virtual sources associated with linear and curved strands of cardiac cells","volume":"279","author":"Tung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00248.x","article-title":"Separation between virtual sources modifies the response of cardiac tissue to field stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Susil","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H688","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.3.H688","article-title":"Nonlinear changes of transmembrane potential caused by defibrillation shocks in strands of cultured myocytes","volume":"278","author":"Fast","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00926.x","article-title":"Syncytial heterogeneity as a mechanism underlying cardiac far-field stimulation during defibrillation-level shocks","volume":"9","author":"Fishler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2001.01164.x","article-title":"Theoretical and experimental study of sawtooth effect in isolated cardiac cell-pairs","volume":"12","author":"Sharma","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000027103.54792.9C","article-title":"Intramural virtual electrodes during defibrillation shocks in left ventricular wall assessed by optical mapping of membrane potential","volume":"106","author":"Fast","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.6.453","article-title":"Nonlinear changes of transmembrane potential during defibrillation shocks: role of Ca(2+) current","volume":"87","author":"Cheek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ Res"}],"container-title":["Heart Rhythm"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1547527106022636?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1547527106022636?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T06:37:05Z","timestamp":1761547025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1547527106022636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1547527106022636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5271"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1547-5271"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Direct measurements of membrane time constant during defibrillation strength shocks","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heart Rhythm","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2007 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}