{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T19:27:40Z","timestamp":1793993260363,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007555","name":"Foundation for Cardiovascular Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007555","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017540","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5F31HL162527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5F31HL162527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017540","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01HL142913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01HL142913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011948","name":"Abbott Pharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011948","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007747","name":"University of Utah","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P41GM103545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41GM103545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R24GM136986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24GM136986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","heartrhythmjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heart Rhythm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T15:33:42Z","timestamp":1731944022000},"page":"1820-1828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Diffuse functional and structural abnormalities in fibrosis: Potential structural basis for sustaining atrial fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7581-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene","family":"Kwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elyar","family":"Ghafoori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Good","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misha","family":"Regouski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyce","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Fish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Polejaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob S.","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J.","family":"Dosdall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3321-2435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000040","article-title":"2014 AHA\/ACC\/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary","volume":"130","author":"January","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595140","article-title":"Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence","volume":"114","author":"Miyasaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.05.063","article-title":"Estimates of current and future incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the U.S. adult population","volume":"112","author":"Colilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00258-4","article-title":"Electrical, contractile and structural remodeling during atrial fibrillation","volume":"54","author":"Allessie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(99)00178-9","article-title":"Ionic mechanisms of electrical remodeling in human atrial fibrillation","volume":"44","author":"Bosch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.183400","article-title":"Changes in connexin expression and the atrial fibrillation substrate in congestive heart failure","volume":"105","author":"Burstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000055314.10801.4F","article-title":"Electrical and contractile remodeling during the first days of atrial fibrillation go hand in hand","volume":"107","author":"Schotten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.9.3157","article-title":"Structural changes of atrial myocardium due to sustained atrial fibrillation in the goat","volume":"96","author":"Ausma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.015347","article-title":"Fibrosis in left atrial tissue of patients with atrial fibrillation with and without underlying mitral valve disease","volume":"90","author":"Boldt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.13730","article-title":"Changes in atrial electrophysiological and structural substrate and their relationship to histology in a long-term chronic canine atrial fibrillation model","volume":"42","author":"Yamashita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12773","article-title":"Diverse fibrosis architecture and premature stimulation facilitate initiation of reentrant activity following chronic atrial fibrillation","volume":"26","author":"Angel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.05.061","article-title":"Structural abnormalities in atrial walls are associated with presence and persistency of atrial fibrillation but not with age","volume":"58","author":"Platonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.570203","article-title":"Left atrial enhancement correlates with myocardial conduction velocity in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.002897","article-title":"Association of left atrial local conduction velocity with late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"9","author":"Fukumoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13049","article-title":"Increased susceptibility to atrial fibrillation secondary to atrial fibrosis in transgenic goats expressing transforming growth factor-\u03b21","volume":"27","author":"Polejaeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.119.007499","article-title":"Spontaneous atrial fibrillation in transgenic goats with TGF (transforming growth factor)\u2013\u03b21 induced atrial myopathy with endurance exercise","volume":"12","author":"Regouski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080713","article-title":"Deterministic diffusion fiber tracking improved by quantitative anisotropy","volume":"8","author":"Yeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib18","series-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3069792","article-title":"Estimation and validation of cardiac conduction velocity and wavefront reconstruction using epicardial and volumetric data","volume":"68","author":"Good","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1109\/10.668746","article-title":"Estimation of conduction velocity vector fields from epicardial mapping data","volume":"45","author":"Bayly","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.811877","article-title":"Detection and quantification of left atrial structural remodeling using delayed enhancement MRI in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"119","author":"Oakes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1161\/hc5001.100833","article-title":"Activation delay after premature stimulation in chronically diseased human myocardium relates to the architecture of interstitial fibrosis","volume":"104","author":"Kawara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.112.975144","article-title":"Loss of continuity in the thin epicardial layer because of endomysial fibrosis increases the complexity of atrial fibrillatory conduction","volume":"6","author":"Verheule","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib24","first-page":"H1466","article-title":"Anisotropic conduction and reentry in perfused epicardium of rabbit left ventricle","volume":"263","author":"Schalij","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-03029-5","article-title":"Treatment planning for atrial fibrillation using patient-specific models showing the importance of fibrillatory-areas","volume":"51","author":"Kamali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3200","article-title":"Characterization of diffuse fibrosis in the failing human heart via diffusion tensor imaging and quantitative histological validation","volume":"27","author":"Abdullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279974","article-title":"Contribution of atrial myofiber architecture to atrial fibrillation","volume":"18","author":"Kamali","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-016-0308-4","article-title":"Cardiac T1 mapping and extracellular volume (ECV) in clinical practice: a comprehensive review","volume":"18","author":"Haaf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.3.915","article-title":"Slow conduction in the infarcted human heart. \u201cZigzag\u201d course of activation","volume":"88","author":"de Bakker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.11.008","article-title":"Area available for atrial fibrillation to propagate is an important determinant of recurrence after ablation","volume":"7","author":"Kamali","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004133","article-title":"Myofiber architecture of the human atria as revealed by submillimeter diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"9","author":"Pashakhanloo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"}],"container-title":["Heart Rhythm"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1547527124035215?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1547527124035215?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T08:23:06Z","timestamp":1774254186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1547527124035215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1547527124035215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5271","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diffuse functional and structural abnormalities in fibrosis: Potential structural basis for sustaining atrial fibrillation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heart Rhythm","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.10.060","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Heart Rhythm Society. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}