{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T08:42:00Z","timestamp":1768034520491,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010100","name":"\u00d8stfold Hospital Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010100","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Oslo University Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","heartandlung.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heart & Lung"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]],"date-time":"2015-11-13T09:18:48Z","timestamp":1447406328000},"page":"521-527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Development of a pain management algorithm for intensive care units"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Brita F.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tone","family":"Rust\u00f8en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leiv","family":"Sandvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Miaskowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morten","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berit T.","family":"Valeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200204000-00004","article-title":"Patients' recollections of stressful experiences while receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit","volume":"30","author":"Rotondi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2007.03.002","article-title":"Management of pain in cardiac surgery ICU patients: have we improved over time?","volume":"23","author":"Gelinas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7489(03)00082-8","article-title":"Perception of stressors by patients and nurses of critical care units in Hong Kong","volume":"41","author":"So","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2005.11.025","article-title":"Jordanian patients' perception of stressors in critical care units: a questionnaire survey","volume":"44","author":"Hweidi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199804000-00011","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Schelling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182783b72","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"41","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0964-3397(03)00027-2","article-title":"Pain assessment in critical care: what have we learnt from research","volume":"19","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199707000-00017","article-title":"Relationship between behavioral and physiological indicators of pain, critical care patients' self-reports of pain, and opioid administration","volume":"25","author":"Puntillo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000108875.35298.D2","article-title":"Pain behaviors observed during six common procedures: results from Thunder Project II","volume":"32","author":"Puntillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2009.01.013","article-title":"Behavioral and physiologic indicators during a nociceptive procedure in conscious and unconscious mechanically ventilated adults: similar or different?","volume":"24","author":"Gelinas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12409","article-title":"Fluctuations in vital signs and behavioural responses of brain surgery patients in the intensive care unit: are they valid indicators of pain?","volume":"70","author":"Kapoustina","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Adv Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.08.039","article-title":"The measurement of pain in intensive care unit: comparison of 5 self-report intensity scales","volume":"151","author":"Chanques","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib13","first-page":"2","article-title":"A\u00a0review of objective pain measures for use with critical care adult patients unable to self-report","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181c0d4f0","article-title":"Pain assessment is associated with decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit: a post Hoc analysis of the DOLOREA study","volume":"111","author":"Payen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.03.012","article-title":"Implementation of the critical-care pain observation tool on pain assessment\/management nursing practices in an intensive care unit with nonverbal critically ill adults: a before and after study","volume":"48","author":"Gelinas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/JTN.0b013e3181ff2675","article-title":"Impact of the implementation of the Critical- Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) on pain management and clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated trauma intensive care unit patients: a pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Arbour","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2010247","article-title":"Patient satisfaction and documentation of pain assessments and management after implementing the adult nonverbal pain scale","volume":"19","author":"Topolovec-Vranic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1067\/mhl.2002.125652","article-title":"Use of a pain assessment and intervention notation (P.A.I.N.) tool in critical care nursing practice: nurses' evaluations","volume":"31","author":"Puntillo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v62n0607","article-title":"Texas Medication Algorithm Project: development and feasibility testing of a treatment algorithm for patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"62","author":"Suppes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v59n0702","article-title":"Texas Medication Algorithm Project: definitions, rationale, and methods to develop medication algorithms","volume":"59","author":"Gilbert","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000218416.62457.56","article-title":"Impact of systematic evaluation of pain and agitation in an intensive care unit","volume":"34","author":"Chanques","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2008.17.4.349","article-title":"Duration of mechanical ventilation in an adult intensive care unit after introduction of sedation and pain scales","volume":"17","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R71","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8978","article-title":"Effect of an analgo-sedation protocol for neurointensive patients: a two-phase interventional non-randomized pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Egerod","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181d7e1b8","article-title":"Protocolized intensive care unit management of analgesia, sedation, and delirium improves analgesia and subsyndromal delirium rates","volume":"111","author":"Skrobik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2013.06.019","article-title":"Implementation of a protocol for integrated management of pain, agitation, and delirium can improve clinical outcomes in the intensive care unit: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Mansouri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/NCI.0b013e31826b4dea","article-title":"Sedation and analgesia in critically ill children","volume":"23","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"AACN Adv Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2001.10.4.238","article-title":"Patients' perceptions and responses to procedural pain: results from Thunder Project II","volume":"10","author":"Puntillo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.08.016","article-title":"Studies comparing Numerical Rating Scales, Verbal Rating Scales, and Visual Analogue Scales for assessment of pain intensity in adults: a systematic literature review","volume":"41","author":"Hjermstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.07.005","article-title":"Validity of four pain intensity rating scales","volume":"152","author":"Ferreira-Valente","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2006.15.4.420","article-title":"Validation of the critical-care pain observation tool in adult patients","volume":"15","author":"Gelinas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200112000-00004","article-title":"Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale","volume":"29","author":"Payen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1590-5","article-title":"Assessing pain in non-intubated critically ill patients unable to self report: an adaptation of the Behavioral Pain Scale","volume":"35","author":"Chanques","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/00003465-200311000-00010","article-title":"Assessing pain control in nonverbal critically ill adults","volume":"22","author":"Odhner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dimens Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2009992","article-title":"Further validation of the nonverbal pain scale in intensive care patients","volume":"29","author":"Kabes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000182331.68722.FF","article-title":"Validation of a behavioral pain scale in critically ill, sedated, and mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"101","author":"Aissaoui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2005.04.004","article-title":"Use of a Behavioural Pain Scale to assess pain in ventilated, unconscious and\/or sedated patients","volume":"22","author":"Young","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R15","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6789","article-title":"Comparison of different pain scoring systems in critically ill patients in a general ICU","volume":"12","author":"Ahlers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/DCC.0b013e3181f0c48f","article-title":"Comparison of two pain scales for the assessment of pain in the ventilated adult patient","volume":"29","author":"Juarez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dimens Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2010.07.016","article-title":"The Chinese Behavior Pain Scale for critically ill patients: translation and psychometric testing","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181c3119e","article-title":"The use of the Behavioral Pain Scale to assess pain in conscious sedated patients","volume":"110","author":"Ahlers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-5153.2008.00294.x","article-title":"Clinical tools for the assessment of pain in sedated critically ill adults","volume":"13","author":"Cade","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2008.04947.x","article-title":"Pain assessment tools for unconscious or sedated intensive care patients: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Pudas-Tahka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Adv Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib43","series-title":"Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer195","article-title":"Determination of moderate-to-severe postoperative pain on the numeric rating scale: a cut-off point analysis applying four different methods","volume":"107","author":"Gerbershagen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.08.001","article-title":"Implementation of a pain management algorithm in intensive care units and evaluation of nurses' level of adherence with the algorithm","volume":"44","author":"Olsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/87.2.186","article-title":"Sedative and analgesic practice in the intensive care unit: the results of a European survey","volume":"87","author":"Soliman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib48","series-title":"Health Measurement Scales: A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use","author":"Streiner","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2014.09.007","article-title":"Pain measurement in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: behavioral pain scale versus critical-care pain observation tool","volume":"30","author":"Rijkenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Heart & Lung"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147956315002289?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147956315002289?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T09:49:13Z","timestamp":1599817753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147956315002289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0147956315002289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-9563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-9563","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Development of a pain management algorithm for intensive care units","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heart & Lung","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.09.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}