{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:12:22Z","timestamp":1777777942338,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":272,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P400PM_194497 \/ 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P400PM_194497 \/ 1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FU356\/12-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FU356\/12-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EB001659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EB001659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014070","name":"Fulbright Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AY 2022\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AY 2022\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007472","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007472","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","heartandlung.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heart & Lung"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T22:16:04Z","timestamp":1743545764000},"page":"48-56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Evaluating equitable care in the ICU:Creating a causal inference template to assess the impact of life-sustaining interventions across racial and ethnic groups"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0199-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tristan","family":"Struja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiren","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyue","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yugang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Sauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"D'Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Dankwa-Mullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leo Anthony","family":"Celi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre Kurepa","family":"Waschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a84a43","article-title":"Healthcare disparities in critical illness","volume":"41","author":"Soto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2013.9468","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in palliative care","volume":"16","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.14639","article-title":"Evaluation of racial disparities in hospice use and end-of-life treatment intensity in the REGARDS cohort","volume":"3","author":"Ornstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199504000-00009","article-title":"African-American and white patients admitted to the intensive care unit: is there a difference in therapy and outcome?","volume":"23","author":"Williams","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.851","article-title":"Infection rate and acute organ dysfunction risk as explanations for racial differences in severe sepsis","volume":"303","author":"Mayr","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.27369","article-title":"Evaluation of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in initiation of kidney failure treatment during the first 4 months of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"4","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0007","article-title":"Ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Sze","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34147","article-title":"Disparities in COVID-19 outcomes by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status: a systematic-review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Magesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0009","article-title":"Humans are biased","author":"Nicoletti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Generative AI is even worse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0010","author":"Martino"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00542-0","article-title":"Broadening the reach of the FDA Sentinel system: a roadmap for integrating electronic health record data in a causal analysis framework","volume":"4","author":"Desai","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29050","article-title":"Rapid recognition of corticosteroid resistant or sensitive sepsis C. Assessment of machine learning to estimate the individual treatment effect of corticosteroids in septic shock","volume":"3","author":"Pirracchio","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e296","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040296","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"4","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0014","volume":"21","author":"AMAaAoAM","year":"2021"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.23.e215","article-title":"PhysioBank, PhysioToolkit, and PhysioNet: components of a new research resource for complex physiologic signals","volume":"101","author":"Goldberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202008-3238CP","article-title":"Attention to immortal time bias in critical care research","volume":"203","author":"Vail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008990","article-title":"The Deyo-Charlson and Elixhauser-van Walraven comorbidity indices as predictors of mortality in critically ill patients","volume":"5","author":"Ladha","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","article-title":"The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"22","author":"Vincent","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828a24fe","article-title":"A new severity of illness scale using a subset of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation data elements shows comparable predictive accuracy","volume":"41","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.0258","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of Fludrocortisone and Hydrocortisone vs Hydrocortisone alone among patients with septic shock","volume":"183","author":"Bosch","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0022","unstructured":"Team R.C. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. In. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0023","unstructured":"Python reference manual [computer program]. Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica Amsterdam; 1995."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v051.i13","article-title":"tmle: anRPackage for targeted maximum likelihood estimation","volume":"51","author":"Gruber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0025","author":"USDoHaH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0026","article-title":"World Health Day 2021: it's time to build a fairer, healthier world for everyone, everywhere","author":"SDoHW","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Equit Determin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0027","first-page":"2023","article-title":"CMS proposes policies to improve patient safety and promote health equity. U.S","author":"Services","year":"2023","journal-title":"Depart Health Human Servs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000379","article-title":"Strengthening the science and practice of health equity in public health","author":"Liburd","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Public Health Manag Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-019-0935-0","article-title":"The health equity measurement framework: a comprehensive model to measure social inequities in health","volume":"18","author":"Dover","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0030","unstructured":"Health COoM. The CMS framework for health equity (2022-2032). 2022. https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/about-cms\/agency-information\/omh\/health-equity-programs\/cms-framework-for-health-equity."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0031","series-title":"Targeted Learning: Causal Inference For Observational and Experimental Data","author":"van der Laan","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww165","article-title":"Targeted maximum likelihood estimation for causal inference in observational studies","volume":"185","author":"Schuler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3444944","article-title":"A survey on causal inference","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Trans Knowl Discov Data"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05771-2","article-title":"Less is more in critical care is supported by evidence-based medicine","volume":"45","author":"Auriemma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0038","article-title":"An algorithmic approach for causal health equity: a look at race differentials in Intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes","author":"Plecko","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv e-prints"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07114-8","article-title":"Long-term effects of restriction of intravenous fluid in adult ICU patients with septic shock","volume":"49","author":"Kjaer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06596-8","article-title":"Feasibility of conservative fluid administration and deresuscitation compared with usual care in critical illness: the role of active deresuscitation after resuscitation-2 (RADAR-2) randomised clinical trial","volume":"48","author":"Silversides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2211868","article-title":"Haloperidol for the treatment of delirium in ICU patients","volume":"387","author":"Andersen-Ranberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102662","article-title":"Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults","volume":"365","author":"Casaer","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2478\/jccm-2021-0011","article-title":"Effect of early versus delayed parenteral nutrition on the health outcomes of critically ill adults: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0044","first-page":"60","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: beyond rescue therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome?","volume":"23","author":"Combes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307227","article-title":"Extracorporeal life support in infarct-related cardiogenic shock","volume":"389","author":"Thiele","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2309442","article-title":"Glucose control in the ICU","volume":"389","author":"Umpierrez","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4558-2","article-title":"The optimal target for acute glycemic control in critically ill patients: a network meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Yatabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2006.00598.x","article-title":"Racial variation in end-of-life intensive care use: a race or hospital effect?","volume":"41","author":"Barnato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005269","article-title":"Racial disparities in ICU outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"McGowan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08170-7","article-title":"The impact of ethnic background on ICU care and outcome in sepsis and septic shock - A retrospective multicenter analysis on 17,949 patients","volume":"23","author":"Kokofer","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.9739","article-title":"Racial disparities in length of stay among severely ill patients presenting with sepsis and acute respiratory failure","volume":"6","author":"Chesley","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.8433","article-title":"Racial differences in shared decision-making about critical illness","volume":"184","author":"Ashana","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-04183-2","article-title":"Contextualized race and ethnicity annotations for clinical text from MIMIC-III","volume":"11","author":"OJt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0054","article-title":"Write it like you see it: detectable differences in clinical notes by race lead to differential model recommendations. Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI","author":"Adam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethics Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.12.001","article-title":"Disaggregating racial and ethnic data: a step toward diversity, Equity, and inclusion","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Heart & Lung"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147956325000615?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147956325000615?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:12:54Z","timestamp":1777489974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147956325000615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0147956325000615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-9563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-9563","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluating equitable care in the ICU:Creating a causal inference template to assess the impact of life-sustaining interventions across racial and ethnic groups","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heart & Lung","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.03.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}