{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T16:52:08Z","timestamp":1793811128292,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","heartandlung.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heart &amp; Lung"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:51:40Z","timestamp":1763751100000},"page":"174-189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cardiac cachexia: A scientific statement from the American Association of Heart Failure Nurses (AAHFN)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4405-2991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelley M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"DiDomenico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Barsness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quin E.","family":"Denfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra L.","family":"McPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Bergeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Windy W.","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Hallman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Lekavich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Rohyans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozkurt B., Ahmad T., Alexander K., et al. HF STATS 2024: heart failure epidemiology and outcomes statistics an updated 2024 report from the Heart Failure Society of America. J Card Fail. Published online September 2024:S107191642400232X. doi:10.1016\/j.cardfail.2024.07.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2024.07.001"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","article-title":"Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00230-9","article-title":"Cardiac cachexia in early literature: a review of research prior to Medline","volume":"85","author":"Doehner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0004","unstructured":"Definition of cachexia - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - NCI. February 2, 2011. Accessed February 28, 2025. https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/dictionaries\/cancer-terms\/def\/cachexia."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.06.013","article-title":"Cachexia: a new definition","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S273967","article-title":"Cardiac cachexia: a well-known but challenging complication of heart failure","volume":"15","author":"Krysztofiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"CIA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2024.03.003","article-title":"Controversies and conundrums in cardiac cachexia","volume":"12","author":"Ilonze","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Heart Failure"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13596","article-title":"Prognostic impact and prevalence of cachexia in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Prokopidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2019.08.006","article-title":"Cardiac Cachexia Revisited","volume":"16","author":"Valentova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Fail Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00092","article-title":"Validation of the CAchexia SCOre (CASCO). Staging cancer patients: the use of miniCASCO as a simplified tool","volume":"8","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2023.10.087","article-title":"Determining the utility of the Cachexia score (CASCO) staging tool for Cardiac Cachexia in a heart failure population","volume":"47","author":"Feeney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0012","unstructured":"Definition of sarcopenia - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - NCI. February 2, 2011. Accessed February 28, 2025. https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/dictionaries\/cancer-terms\/def\/sarcopenia."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.009","article-title":"The frailty syndrome: definition and natural history","volume":"27","author":"Xue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0014","unstructured":"Malnutrition. 2025 Accessed February 28, 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/malnutrition."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0015","unstructured":"Definition of malnutrition - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - NCI. February 2, 2011. Accessed February 28, 2025. https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/dictionaries\/cancer-terms\/def\/malnutrition."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.09.004","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition","volume":"36","author":"Cederholm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-013-0105-y","article-title":"Cachexia as a major public health problem: frequent, costly, and deadly","volume":"4","author":"Farkas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0002-6","article-title":"Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers","volume":"1","author":"Von Haehling","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.51","article-title":"Muscle wasting and cachexia in heart failure: mechanisms and therapies","volume":"14","author":"Von Haehling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163221101748","article-title":"Exploring the prevalence, impact and experience of cardiac cachexia in patients with advanced heart failure and their caregivers: a sequential phased study","volume":"36","author":"Carson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000001008","article-title":"Cardiac Cachexia: a comprehensive review","author":"Szinte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.240","article-title":"Loss in body weight is an independent prognostic factor for mortality in chronic heart failure: insights from the GISSI-HF and Val- HeFT trials","volume":"17","author":"Rossignol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2022.08.016","article-title":"The complex pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia: a review of current pathophysiology and implications for clinical practice","volume":"365","author":"Thanapholsart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.10.017","article-title":"Cachexia is associated with adverse outcomes in patients admitted with heart failure","volume":"186","author":"Mohamad Alahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12167","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical impact of cachexia in chronic illness in Europe, USA, and Japan: facts and numbers update 2016","volume":"7","author":"Von Haehling","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0026","unstructured":"Scientific Image and Illustration Software | BioRender. Accessed August 13, 2025. https:\/\/www.biorender.com\/."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.2174\/138920312803582933","article-title":"Angiotensin II: role in skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"13","author":"Cabello-Verrugio","year":"2012","journal-title":"CPPS"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1998.1446","article-title":"Cytokines and neurohormones relating to body composition alterations in the wasting syndrome of chronic heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Anker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4201.097836","article-title":"Elevated circulating level of Ghrelin in Cachexia associated with chronic heart failure: relationships between Ghrelin and anabolic\/catabolic factors","volume":"104","author":"Nagaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw008","article-title":"Intestinal congestion and right ventricular dysfunction: a link with appetite loss, inflammation, and cachexia in chronic heart failure","volume":"37","author":"Valentova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H609","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00187.2022","article-title":"The importance of biological sex in cardiac cachexia","volume":"323","author":"Holder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circul Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.039031","article-title":"Impact of social determinants of health on cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Bazoukis","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAHA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.22.00674","article-title":"Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors as determinants of Cachexia incidence and outcomes in a retrospective cohort of patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer","volume":"19","author":"Olaechea","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/NJH.0000000000000039","article-title":"Managing the effects of cardiac cachexia","volume":"16","author":"Carlson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hospice Palliat Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0035","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Cachexia","author":"Baker Rogers","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11061039","article-title":"Interconnection between cardiac cachexia and heart failure\u2014protective role of cardiac obesity","volume":"11","author":"Soto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092885","article-title":"The simplified nutritional appetite questionnaire (SNAQ) as a screening tool for risk of malnutrition: optimal cutoff, factor structure, and validation in healthy community-dwelling older adults","volume":"12","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.12.08","article-title":"What are the criteria for response to cachexia treatment?","volume":"8","author":"Crawford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjon.2023.100306","article-title":"Toward a holistic understanding of cancer cachexia: application of the human response to illness model","volume":"10","author":"McClement","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs"},{"issue":"Supplement_L","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L24","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suz241","article-title":"Cardiac cachexia","volume":"21","author":"Lena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Suppl"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01586-y","article-title":"Cancer- and cardiac-induced cachexia: same fate through different inflammatory mediators?","volume":"71","author":"Nogueira-Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-828","article-title":"Emerging markers of cachexia predict survival in cancer patients","volume":"14","author":"Mondello","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.027","article-title":"Relevance of nutritional assessment and treatment to counteract cardiac cachexia and sarcopenia in chronic heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pombo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23878","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151223878","article-title":"Emerging biomarkers in heart failure and cardiac cachexia","volume":"15","author":"Loncar","year":"2014","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12390","article-title":"D3 -creatine dilution and the importance of accuracy in the assessment of skeletal muscle mass","volume":"10","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2020.07.013","article-title":"Cystatin C and muscle mass in patients with heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Ivey-Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13402","article-title":"A comparison of non-invasive methods of measuring body composition in patients with heart failure: a report from SICA-HF","volume":"8","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100335","article-title":"Are lean body mass and fat-free mass the same or different body components? A critical perspective","volume":"15","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665115004206","article-title":"Application of standards and models in body composition analysis","volume":"75","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14030243","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative radiological assessment of sarcopenia and cachexia in cancer patients: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Mortellaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"JPM"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2002.123314","article-title":"The cardiac component of cardiac cachexia","volume":"144","author":"Florea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00117-024-01346-5","article-title":"Medical imaging in cancer cachexia","volume":"64","author":"Ko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-021-00834-2","article-title":"Imaging modalities for diagnosis and monitoring of cancer cachexia","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.02.029","article-title":"Bioimpedance analysis is safe in patients with implanted cardiac electronic devices","volume":"38","author":"Chabin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.122.009518","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity is associated with reduced cardiorespiratory fitness compared with nonsarcopenic obesity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"15","author":"Billingsley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Heart Failure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0056","unstructured":"ICD-10 Code for Cachexia- R64- Codify by AAPC. Accessed April 14, 2025. https:\/\/www.aapc.com\/codes\/icd-10-codes\/R64."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2023.103965","article-title":"Overcoming barriers to timely recognition and treatment of cancer cachexia: sharing progress in cancer care Task Force position paper and call to Action","volume":"185","author":"Arends","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(01)00139-8","article-title":"Malnutrition in patients suffering from chronic heart failure; the nurse\u2019s care","volume":"3","author":"Anna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2212159","article-title":"Malnutrition in adults. Longo DL, ed","volume":"391","author":"Cederholm","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.02.025","article-title":"Nutrition assessment and dietary interventions in heart failure","volume":"79","author":"Driggin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.08.004","article-title":"The role of diet and nutrition in heart failure: a state-of-the-art narrative review","volume":"63","author":"Billingsley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607112440285","article-title":"Consensus statement: academy of nutrition and dietetics and American society for parenteral and enteral nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (Undernutrition)","volume":"36","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12383","article-title":"GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition \u2013 A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community","volume":"10","author":"Cederholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E469","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1997.272.3.E469","article-title":"Daily energy expenditure in free-living heart failure patients","volume":"272","author":"Toth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.03.004","article-title":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence-based practice guideline for the management of heart failure in adults","volume":"118","author":"Kuehneman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"10188","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32776-4","article-title":"Individualised nutritional support in medical inpatients at nutritional risk: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"393","author":"Schuetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0008-0","article-title":"The effects of a high-caloric protein-rich oral nutritional supplement in patients with chronic heart failure and cachexia on quality of life, body composition, and inflammation markers: a randomized, double-blind pilot study","volume":"1","author":"Rozentryt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0068","unstructured":"Home | Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Accessed March 2, 2025. https:\/\/www.dietaryguidelines.gov\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000510","article-title":"Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"136","author":"Sacks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10924","article-title":"Pitfalls in the interpretation of blood tests used to assess and monitor micronutrient nutrition status","volume":"38","author":"Berger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nut Clin Prac"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533615573054","article-title":"Utilization of nutrition-focused physical assessment in identifying micronutrient deficiencies","volume":"30","author":"Esper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nut Clin Prac"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.12.011","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of Heart failure: executive Summary","volume":"79","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"10333","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00369-5","article-title":"Reduction of dietary sodium to <100 mmol in heart failure (SODIUM-HF): an international, open-label, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"399","author":"Ezekowitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.04.006","article-title":"Nutrition, heart failure, and quality of life","volume":"8","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Failure"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.10.002","article-title":"Effect of a sodium-restricted diet on intake of other nutrients in heart failure: implications for research and clinical practice","volume":"21","author":"Jefferson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03628-4","article-title":"Liberal fluid intake versus fluid restriction in chronic heart failure: a randomized clinical trial","author":"Herrmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-020-09937-9","article-title":"Nutritional interventions for heart failure patients who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition or cachexia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Habaybeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115621863","article-title":"Guidelines for the provision and assessment of Nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.)","volume":"40","author":"McClave","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.03.232","article-title":"Individualized nutritional support for hospitalized patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"77","author":"Hersberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10474","article-title":"ASPEN consensus recommendations for refeeding syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Da Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nut Clin Prac"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00848-9","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"Gielen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.03.083","article-title":"Anabolic effects of exercise training in patients with advanced chronic heart failure (NYHA IIIb): impact on ubiquitin\u2013protein ligases expression and skeletal muscle size","volume":"167","author":"H\u00f6llriegel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041701","article-title":"Exercise training prevents oxidative stress and ubiquitin-proteasome system overactivity and reverse skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Cunha","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2023.04.001","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy, regeneration, and dysfunction in heart failure: impact of exercise training","volume":"12","author":"Gallagher","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12137","article-title":"Muscle fibre capillarization is a critical factor in muscle fibre hypertrophy during resistance exercise training in older men","volume":"8","author":"Snijders","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi259","article-title":"The reproducibility and sensitivity of the 6-min walk test in elderly patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"26","author":"Ingle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0088","series-title":"ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription","author":"Liguori","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","article-title":"2020 ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Pelliccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2304144","article-title":"Exercise training in patients with heart failure: from pathophysiology to exercise prescription","volume":"23","author":"Cuomo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000749","article-title":"Exercise-related acute cardiovascular events and potential deleterious adaptations following long-term Exercise training: placing the risks into perspective\u2013An update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Franklin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr017","article-title":"Exercise training in heart failure: from theory to practice. A consensus document of the Heart Failure Association and the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Piepoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515119836567","article-title":"The relationship between physical activity and appetite in patients with heart failure: a prospective observational study","volume":"18","author":"Andreae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000721","article-title":"Small muscle mass training in heart failure: a scoping review of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Louis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2023.2276486","article-title":"The relationship between exercise capacity and muscle strength, physical activity, fatigue and quality of life in patients with cancer cachexia","volume":"76","author":"Polat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0096","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E17","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000892","article-title":"Adherence to exercise in adults with heart failure","volume":"44","author":"Alonso","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-024-02400-x","article-title":"Relationship between cachexia and short physical performance battery scores in patients with heart failure attending comprehensive outpatient cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"39","author":"Kato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.14740\/cr1479","article-title":"Nutritional status in patients undergoing phase II cardiac rehabilitation by mini nutritional assessment","volume":"14","author":"Nozawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2019.03.007","article-title":"Nutrition, obesity, and cachexia in patients with Heart Failure: a consensus statement from the Heart Failure Society of America Scientific Statements Committee","volume":"25","author":"Vest","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e354","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000001902","article-title":"Use of percutaneous left ventricular assist device before durable device implantation in patients with cardiac cachexia: case series","volume":"69","author":"Salas De Armas","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.2.526","article-title":"Hormonal changes and catabolic\/anabolic imbalance in chronic heart failure and their importance for cardiac cachexia","volume":"96","author":"Anker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09784-3","article-title":"Pharmacological management of cardiac cachexia: a review of potential therapy options","volume":"24","author":"Rolfe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5935\/abc.20160142","article-title":"Cardiac cachexia: perspectives for prevention and treatment","author":"Okoshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061670","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in heart failure with malnutrition, frailty, sarcopenia, or cachexia","volume":"13","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCM"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12814","article-title":"Extracellular lipidome change by an SGLT2 inhibitor, luseogliflozin, contributes to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy in db\/db mice","volume":"13","author":"Bamba","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.03.431","article-title":"Intravenous iron repletion for patients with heart failure and iron deficiency","volume":"83","author":"Cheema","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2023.03.025","article-title":"Iron deficiency in heart failure: a scientific statement from the heart failure society of America","volume":"29","author":"Beavers","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.10.005","article-title":"Determining the role of thiamine deficiency in systolic heart failure: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28608E","article-title":"Update on clinical trials of growth factors and anabolic steroids in cachexia and wasting","volume":"91","author":"Gullett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2006.03.005","article-title":"Fish oils produce anti-inflammatory effects and improve body weight in severe heart failure","volume":"25","author":"Mehra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transpl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0082-1","article-title":"USAGE of megestrol acetate in the treatment of anorexia-cachexia syndrome in the elderly","volume":"13","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0113","unstructured":"Sadeghi M. Effect of Melatonin on Cardiovascular and Muscle Function in Patients With Heart Failure: A Double Blinded Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. clinicaltrials.gov; 2019. Accessed March 2, 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03894683."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.11.046","article-title":"The immune system and chronic heart failure","volume":"53","author":"Fildes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2409515","article-title":"Ponsegromab for the treatment of cancer cachexia","volume":"391","author":"Groarke","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0116","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline. A single-center, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled two-part study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), GSK2849466, in single and repeat doses, with and without food, in healthy male subjects. clinicaltrials.gov; 2017. Accessed March 2, 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01696604."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02644","article-title":"GSK2881078, a SARM, produces dose-dependent increases in lean mass in healthy older men and women","volume":"103","author":"Neil","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12118","article-title":"Cardiac cachexia: hic et nunc","volume":"7","author":"Loncar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2020.27.3.151","article-title":"Myostatin inhibitors: panacea or predicament for musculoskeletal disorders?","volume":"27","author":"Suh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0120","unstructured":"Eli Lilly and Company. A phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of Bimagrumab and Tirzepatide, alone or in combination, to investigate the efficacy and safety in adult participants with obesity or overweight without type 2 diabetes. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. Accessed March 2, 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06643728."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0121","unstructured":"Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. A randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of Trevogrumab, with or without garetosmab, in addition to semaglutide in patients with obesity. clinicaltrials.gov; 2024. Accessed March 2, 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06299098."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0122","unstructured":"Eli Lilly and Company. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-center study of intravenous Bimagrumab, alone or in addition to open label subcutaneous semaglutide, to investigate the efficacy and safety in overweight or obese men and women. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. Accessed March 2, 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05616013."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13291","article-title":"Prognostic impact of cachexia by multi-assessment in older adults with heart failure: FRAGILE-HF cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Maekawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000087","article-title":"Psychosocial, educational and communicative interventions for patients with cachexia and their family carers","volume":"8","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03025.x","article-title":"Emotions, the meaning of food and heart failure: a grounded theory study","volume":"46","author":"Jacobsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091221085276","article-title":"Palliative care in heart failure: an integrative review of nurse practice","volume":"40","author":"Nunciaroni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Care"}],"container-title":["Heart &amp; Lung"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147956325002584?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0147956325002584?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T04:53:13Z","timestamp":1781067193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0147956325002584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["S0147956325002584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-9563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-9563","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cardiac cachexia: A scientific statement from the American Association of Heart Failure Nurses (AAHFN)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Heart & Lung","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2025.11.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}