{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:25:37Z","timestamp":1788323137020,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"Finep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006162","name":"Foundation for Support of Science and Technology of Pernambuco State","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T19:23:46Z","timestamp":1783797826000},"page":"111806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biochemical and cytokine profiles in COVID-19 patients from northeastern Brazil: IL-18BPa as a predictive marker and IL-37 associated with disease severity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Helo\u00edsa Isabela","family":"Le\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Davi Lima","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan Cordeiro","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nath\u00e1lia Tavares","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda Pinheiro","family":"de Barros Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Machado","family":"de Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella Luiza Ralph","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilia Vieira","family":"Galdino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelly Cristiny","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle Melgarejo","family":"da Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moacyr Jesus Barreto","family":"de Melo R\u00eago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maira Galdino","family":"da Rocha Pitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0005","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02521-2","article-title":"Postacute sequelae of COVID-19 at 2 years","volume":"29","author":"Bowe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.86014","article-title":"Immune mechanisms underlying COVID-19 pathology and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)","volume":"12","author":"Mohandas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11141-8","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 fatigue: the contribution of cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms","volume":"269","author":"Calabria","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26589","article-title":"Evaluation of alpha defensin, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and IL-18 levels in COVID-19 patients with macrophage activation syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Kerget","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122526","article-title":"The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of viral respiratory infections","volume":"12","author":"Kombe Kombe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2001.0914","article-title":"A novel IL-18BP ELISA shows elevated serum IL-18BP in sepsis and extensive decrease of free IL-18","volume":"14","author":"Novick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew300","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of free interleukin-18 in adult-onset still\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Girard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155781","article-title":"Balance between interleukin-18 and interleukin-18 binding protein in auto-inflammatory diseases","volume":"150","author":"Harel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0050","first-page":"1","article-title":"Elevated free interleukin-18 associated with severity and mortality in prospective cohort study of 206 hospitalised COVID-19 patients","volume":"11","author":"SMT","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02190-8","article-title":"Central and effector memory T cells in peripheral blood of patients with interstitial pneumonia: preliminary clues from a COVID-19 study","volume":"23","author":"Bekbossynova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010041","article-title":"Prospective and longitudinal analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations in SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative pneumonia: potential role of decreased na\u00efve CD8+ in COVID-19 patients","volume":"17","author":"Bekbossynova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.611004","article-title":"B cell subsets as severity-associated signatures in COVID-19 patients","volume":"11","author":"Sosa-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu\u0161nik J, K\u00f6nig J, Mai K, et al. Persistent maintenance of intermediate memory B cells following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination recall response. J. Virol. 2022;96(16):e00760\u201322.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00760-22"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2019.1677644","article-title":"The potential role of interleukin-37 in infectious diseases: role of IL-37 in HIV-1, viral myocarditis, HCV, HBV, tuberculosis, leprosy, pneumonia, listeria, aspergillosis, candidiasis, and eumycetoma infection","volume":"39","author":"Allam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071750","article-title":"Interleukin-18 binding protein in immune regulation and autoimmune diseases","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa713","article-title":"Correlation between early plasma interleukin 37 responses with low inflammatory cytokine levels and benign clinical outcomes in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection","volume":"223","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155702","article-title":"Interleukin-37 is down-regulated in serum of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19)","volume":"148","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0095","series-title":"National Plan for the Operationalization of COVID-19 Vaccination [Internet]","author":"Brazil. Ministry of Health. Extraordinary Secretariat for COVID-19 Response","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0100","first-page":"264","article-title":"Serum and urinary levels of IL-18 and its inhibitor IL-18BP in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"21","author":"Migliorini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0105","series-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Surveillance Guide: An Epidemiological and Laboratory Approach [Internet]","author":"Brazil. Ministry of Health. Secretariat of Health and Environmental Surveillance. Department of Immunization and Immunopreventable Diseases","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02366-21","article-title":"Spread of gamma (P.1) sub-lineages carrying spike mutations close to the furin cleavage site and deletions in the N-terminal domain drives ongoing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Amazonas, Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Naveca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121666200429114926","article-title":"IL-37 as a potential biotherapeutics of inflammatory diseases","volume":"21","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2015.00031","article-title":"Interleukin-37 expression is increased in chronic HIV-1-infected individuals and is associated with inflammation and the size of the total viral reservoir","volume":"21","author":"H\u00f8jen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2013.0001","article-title":"Serum interleukin-37 concentrations and HBeAg seroconversion in chronic HBV patients during telbivudine treatment","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Interf. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0130","first-page":"1","article-title":"Causal relationships between interleukins, interferons and COVID-19 risk: a mendelian randomization study","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa713","article-title":"Correlation between early plasma interleukin 37 responses with low inflammatory cytokine levels and benign clinical outcomes in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection","volume":"223","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13723","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.212519099","article-title":"A complex of the IL-1 homologue IL-1F7b and IL-18-binding protein reduces IL-18 activity","volume":"99","author":"Bufler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-023-01204-2","article-title":"Ferroptosis and pyroptosis signatures in critical COVID-19 patients","volume":"30","author":"Peleman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-024-06039-6","article-title":"Ratios between the levels of IL-18, free IL-18, and IL-1\u03b2-binding protein depending on the severity and outcome of COVID-19","volume":"176","author":"Korotaeva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-220292","article-title":"Elevated ferritin, mediated by IL-18 is associated with systemic inflammation and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)","volume":"79","author":"Mehta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155302","article-title":"Prognostic value of interleukin-18 and its association with other inflammatory markers and disease severity in COVID-19","volume":"137","author":"Sat\u0131\u015f","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2022-0057","article-title":"Elevated IL-18 predicts poor prognosis in critically ill COVID-19 patients at a Brazilian hospital in 2020\u201321","volume":"17","author":"Coutinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0170","article-title":"Hypertension and its management in COVID-19 patients: the assorted view","volume":"11","author":"Batiha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Risk Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0175","article-title":"Case report: hyperbilirubinemia in Gilbert syndrome attenuates Covid-19-induced metabolic disturbances","volume":"8","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112193","article-title":"Arginine vasopressin and pathophysiology of COVID-19: an innovative perspective","volume":"143","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0185","first-page":"627","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for medical diagnostic test evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Hajian-Tilaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Caspian J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07822-2","article-title":"Nitazoxanide and COVID-19: a review","volume":"49","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4103\/JMAU.JMAU_63_20","article-title":"COVID-19 and phosphodiesterase enzyme type 5 inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Microsc Ultrastruct."}],"container-title":["Human Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0198885926001527?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0198885926001527?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:11:38Z","timestamp":1788322298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0198885926001527"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0198885926001527"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806","relation":{},"ISSN":["0198-8859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0198-8859","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Biochemical and cytokine profiles in COVID-19 patients from northeastern Brazil: IL-18BPa as a predictive marker and IL-37 associated with disease severity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Human Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111806","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111806"}}