{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:35:29Z","timestamp":1791250529372,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4-5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Movement Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,22]],"date-time":"2006-07-22T11:16:08Z","timestamp":1153566968000},"page":"454-463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Pathophysiology of writer\u2019s cramp"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Hallett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(02)36031-X","article-title":"Anatomical origins of the classical receptive field and modulatory surround field of single neurons in macaque visual cortical area VI","volume":"136","author":"Angelucci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.1.223","article-title":"Maladaptive neural compensatory mechanisms in Bell\u2019s palsy-induced blepharospasm","volume":"49","author":"Baker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440520","article-title":"Abnormal somatosensory homunculus in dystonia of the hand","volume":"44","author":"Bara-Jimenez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/108.3.593","article-title":"Pathophysiology of blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia","volume":"108","author":"Berardelli","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.2.508","article-title":"A primate genesis model of focal dystonia and repetitive strain injury: I. Learning-induced dedifferentiation of the representation of the hand in the primary somatosensory cortex in adult monkeys","volume":"47","author":"Byl","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.35094","article-title":"Sensory motor retuning: A behavioral treatment for focal hand dystonia of pianists and guitarists","volume":"83","author":"Candia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.4.1054","article-title":"Impaired inhibition in writer\u2019s cramp during voluntary muscle activation","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390217","article-title":"Bell\u2019s Palsy-associated blepharospasm relieved by aiding eyelid closure","volume":"39","author":"Chuke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.7.1005","article-title":"Hand cramps: Clinical features and electromyographic patterns in a focal dystonia","volume":"38","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-003-0113-3","article-title":"Frequency of familial aggregation in primary adult-onset cranial cervical dystonia","volume":"24","author":"Defazio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10314","article-title":"Familial blepharospasm is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and relates to a novel unassigned gene","volume":"18","author":"Defazio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00314-4","article-title":"Direct demonstration of the effect of lorazepam on the excitability of the human motor cortex","volume":"111","author":"Di Lazzaro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(91)90011-L","article-title":"Spinal motor neuron excitability during the silent period after cortical stimulation","volume":"81","author":"Fuhr","year":"1991","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20113","article-title":"Changes in brain anatomy in focal hand dystonia","volume":"55","author":"Garraux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200007)48:1<7::AID-ANA2>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"How does botulinum toxin work?","volume":"48","author":"Hallett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dystonia: Abnormal movements result from loss of inhibition","volume":"94","author":"Hallett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(98)00045-5","article-title":"Abnormal contingent negative variation in writer\u2019s cramp","volume":"110","author":"Hamano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-5597(97)96107-4","article-title":"The cortical generators of the contingent negative variation in humans: A study with subdural electrodes","volume":"104","author":"Hamano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00132.2002","article-title":"Functional properties of brain areas associated with motor execution and imagery","volume":"89","author":"Hanakawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00784.2004","article-title":"Finger and face representations in the ipsilateral precentral motor areas in humans","volume":"93","author":"Hanakawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.1.96","article-title":"Deficient activation of the motor cortical network in patients with writer\u2019s cramp","volume":"53","author":"Ibanez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.2.511","article-title":"Physiological study of cervical dystonia. Task-specific abnormality in contingent negative variation","volume":"118","author":"Kaji","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380206","article-title":"Tonic vibration reflex and muscle afferent block in writer\u2019s cramp: Implications for a new therapeutic approach","volume":"38","author":"Kaji","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.10.019","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow correlates of the severity of writer\u2019s cramp symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Lerner","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1234","article-title":"Human brain mapping in dystonia reveals both endophenotypic traits and adaptive reorganization","volume":"50","author":"Meunier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg219","article-title":"Abnormalities of spatial discrimination in focal and generalized dystonia","volume":"126","author":"Molloy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib27","first-page":"104","article-title":"Subthreshold low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the premotor cortex modulates writer\u2019s cramp","volume":"128","author":"Murase","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.3.681","article-title":"Reciprocal inhibition in writer\u2019s and other occupational cramps and hemiparesis due to stroke","volume":"112","author":"Nakashima","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.5.824","article-title":"H-reflex recovery curve and reciprocal inhibition of H-reflex in different kinds of dystonia","volume":"40","author":"Panizza","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib30","first-page":"247","article-title":"Limb immobilization for occupational dystonia: A possible alternative treatment for selected patients","volume":"94","author":"Pesenti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.3.405","article-title":"Limb immobilization for the treatment of focal occupational dystonia","volume":"57","author":"Priori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg273","article-title":"Abnormal associative plasticity of the human motor cortex in writer\u2019s cramp","volume":"126","author":"Quartarone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh527","article-title":"Homeostatic-like plasticity of the primary motor hand area is impaired in focal hand dystonia","volume":"128","author":"Quartarone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.5.493","article-title":"Changes in the balance between motor cortical excitation and inhibition in focal, task specific dystonia","volume":"59","author":"Ridding","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8043","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-18-08043.1999","article-title":"A blueprint for movement: Functional and anatomical representations in the human motor system","volume":"19","author":"Rijntjes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0307l.x","article-title":"Interactions between two different inhibitory systems in the human motor cortex","volume":"530","author":"Sanger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.5.2842","article-title":"Animal model explains the origins of the cranial dystonia benign essential blepharospasm","volume":"77","author":"Schicatano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.3.529","article-title":"Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in writer\u2019s cramp","volume":"52","author":"Siebner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20270","article-title":"Disturbed surround inhibition in focal hand dystonia","volume":"56","author":"Sohn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1909-y","article-title":"Surround inhibition in human motor system","volume":"158","author":"Sohn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1292-5","article-title":"Excitability of the ipsilateral motor cortex during phasic voluntary hand movement","volume":"148","author":"Sohn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.3.572","article-title":"Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation","volume":"123","author":"Stefan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh017","article-title":"Impaired modulation of intracortical inhibition in focal hand dystonia","volume":"14","author":"Stinear","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90048-G","article-title":"Human motor evoked responses to paired transcranial magnetic stimuli","volume":"85","author":"Valls-Sol\u00e9","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.0591t.x","article-title":"Differential effects on motorcortical inhibition induced by blockade of GABA uptake in humans","volume":"517","author":"Werhahn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology (London)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10174","article-title":"Sensory training for patients with focal hand dystonia","volume":"51","author":"Zeuner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10490","article-title":"Sensory training as treatment for focal hand dystonia: A 1-year follow-up","volume":"18","author":"Zeuner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20314","article-title":"Motor training as treatment in focal hand dystonia","volume":"20","author":"Zeuner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021734","article-title":"Interaction between intracortical inhibition and facilitation in human motor cortex","volume":"496","author":"Ziemann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology (London)"}],"container-title":["Human Movement Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167945706000480?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167945706000480?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T06:28:33Z","timestamp":1555741713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167945706000480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4-5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0167945706000480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2006.05.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}}}