{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:13:28Z","timestamp":1790252008533,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Movement Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,8]],"date-time":"2013-08-08T01:32:03Z","timestamp":1375925523000},"page":"605-617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Gradual training reduces practice difficulty while preserving motor learning of a novel locomotor task"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Sawers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.02.003","article-title":"Foot placement in a body reference frame during walking and its relationship to hemiparetic walking performance","volume":"25","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328315a293","article-title":"Understanding sensorimotor adaptation and learning for rehabilitation","volume":"21","author":"Bastian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00101-9","article-title":"Active control of lateral balance in human walking","volume":"33","author":"Bauby","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0033-y","article-title":"Kinematic and non-kinematic signals transmitted to the cat cerebellum during passive treadmill stepping","volume":"167","author":"Bosco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.5.2931","article-title":"Reference frames for spinal proprioception: Limb endpoint based or joint-level based?","volume":"83","author":"Bosco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.2.715","article-title":"Representation of passive hindlimb postures in cat spinocerebellar activity","volume":"76","author":"Bosco","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.50303","article-title":"Visuomotor adaptation in normal aging","volume":"10","author":"Buch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Learning and Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.033886","article-title":"Whole limb kinematics are preferentially conserved over individual joint kinematics after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"212","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.11.010","article-title":"Center of mass position relative to the ankle during walking: A clinically feasible detection method for gait imbalance","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0050","series-title":"In the mind\u2019s eye: Enhancing human performance","first-page":"23","article-title":"Optimizing long-term retention and transfer","author":"Christina","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00822.2009","article-title":"Size of error affects cerebellar contributions to motor learning","volume":"103","author":"Criscimagna-Hemminger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227344","article-title":"Human neuronal interlimb coordination during split-belt locomotion","volume":"101","author":"Dietz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2003.06.002","article-title":"Mechanical and metabolic requirements for active lateral stabilization in human walking","volume":"37","author":"Donelan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/11038129809035723","article-title":"Implicit and explicit processes during acquisition of functional skills","volume":"5","author":"Gentile","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01177","article-title":"Biomechanics of quadrupedal walking: How do four-legged animals achieve inverted pendulum-like movements?","volume":"207","author":"Griffin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.4.2.107","article-title":"NAKFI smart prosthetics: Exploring assistive devices for the body and mind","volume":"4","author":"Grill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Review of Medical Devices"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-21","article-title":"Exoskeletons and orthoses: Classification, design challenges and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Herr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.1194","article-title":"Bionic ankle-foot prosthesis normalizes walking gait for persons with leg amputation","volume":"279","author":"Herr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00237.2009","article-title":"Persistence of motor memories reflects statistics of the learning event","volume":"102","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002012","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002012","article-title":"Learning from sensory and reward prediction errors during motor adaptation","volume":"7","author":"Izawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005727","article-title":"Adaptation to gradual as compared with sudden visuo-motor distortions","volume":"115","author":"Kagerer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2247-4","article-title":"Learning and recall of incremental kinematic and dynamic sensorimotor transformations","volume":"164","author":"Klassen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90334.2008","article-title":"Reach adaptation: What determines whether we learn an internal model of the tool or adapt the model of our arm?","volume":"100","author":"Kluzik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0120","first-page":"180","article-title":"Lower extremity preference and knee extensor torques in intercollegiate soccer players","volume":"15","author":"Kramer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018132","article-title":"The control of limb geometry in cat posture","volume":"426","author":"Lacquaniti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.11.033","article-title":"Detection of gait instability using and center of pressure inclination the center of mass angles","volume":"87","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4879","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3055293","article-title":"The neural basis for learning of simple motor-skills","volume":"242","author":"Lisberger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6515","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1034-04.2004","article-title":"Motor skill learning depends on protein synthesis in motor cortex after training","volume":"24","author":"Luft","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8084","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1742-04.2004","article-title":"Is interlimb transfer of force-field adaptation a cognitive response to the sudden introduction of load?","volume":"24","author":"Malfait","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0150","series-title":"Information processing in motor skills","author":"Marteniuk","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02446.x","article-title":"Knowledge, knerves and know-how: The role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure","volume":"83","author":"Masters","year":"1992","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.49.1.79","article-title":"Implicit motor learning in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"49","author":"Masters","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1080\/713756014","article-title":"The implicit benefit of learning without errors","volume":"54","author":"Maxwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90042-2","article-title":"The mechanics of running: How does stiffness couple with speed?","volume":"23","author":"McMahon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9107","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2622-06.2006","article-title":"Cerebellar contributions to locomotor adaptations during splitbelt treadmill walking","volume":"26","author":"Morton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6872","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/nature712","article-title":"Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex","volume":"415","author":"Muellbacher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01002.2010","article-title":"Unique characteristics of motor adaptation during walking in young children","volume":"105","author":"Musselman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2003.10.0150","article-title":"The effect of walking speed on center of mass displacement","volume":"41","author":"Orendurff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.11.010","article-title":"Implicit motor learning of a balancing task","volume":"23","author":"Orrell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00108-8","article-title":"Measuring step kinematic variability on an instrumented treadmill: How many steps are enough?","volume":"36","author":"Owings","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2003.11.012","article-title":"Step width variability, but not step length variability or step time variability, discriminates gait of healthy young and older adults during treadmill locomotion","volume":"37","author":"Owings","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(03)00088-2","article-title":"Variability of step kinematics in young and older adults","volume":"20","author":"Owings","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2005.06.006","article-title":"The relationship between initial errorless learning conditions and subsequent performance","volume":"24","author":"Poolton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90043-4","article-title":"A model of foot placement during gait","volume":"27","author":"Redfern","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090073","article-title":"Neurophysiologic and rehabilitation insights from the split-belt and other locomotor adaptation paradigms","volume":"90","author":"Reisman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00089.2005","article-title":"Interlimb coordination during locomotion: What can be adapted and stored?","volume":"94","author":"Reisman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"6088","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/323533a0","article-title":"Learning representations by back-propagating errors","volume":"323","author":"Rumelhart","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.03.003","article-title":"Regulation of whole-body frontal plane balance varies within a step during unperturbed walking","volume":"36","author":"Sawers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00029.x","article-title":"New conceptualizations of practice \u2013 Common principles in three paradigms suggest new concepts for training","volume":"3","author":"Schmidt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0250","series-title":"Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis","author":"Schmidt","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-153135","article-title":"Error correction, sensory prediction, and adaptation in motor control","volume":"33","author":"Shadmehr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0260","series-title":"Innovative analyses of human movement","author":"Stergiou","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2011.06.002","article-title":"Human movement variability, nonlinear dynamics, and pathology: Is there a connection?","volume":"30","author":"Stergiou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01008.2010","article-title":"Trial-by-trial analysis of intermanual transfer during visuomotor adaptation","volume":"106","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00570.2011","article-title":"Natural error patterns enable transfer of motor learning to novel contexts","volume":"107","author":"Torres-Oviedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00266.2007","article-title":"Sensory prediction errors drive cerebellum-dependent adaptation of reaching","volume":"98","author":"Tseng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0285","series-title":"Biomechanics and motor control of human movement","author":"Winter","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0290","series-title":"Adaptability of human gait: Implications for the control of locomotion","first-page":"127","article-title":"Adaptability of the CNS in human walking","author":"Winter","year":"1991"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/81497","article-title":"Computational principles of movement neuroscience","author":"Wolpert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6869","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1765-05.2005","article-title":"Split-belt treadmill stepping in infants suggests autonomous pattern generators for the left and right leg in humans","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.11.002","article-title":"Gait parameters and stride-to-stride variability during familiarization to walking on a split-belt treadmill","volume":"25","author":"Zeni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"}],"container-title":["Human Movement Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167945713000195?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167945713000195?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,20]],"date-time":"2019-07-20T11:27:39Z","timestamp":1563622059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167945713000195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0167945713000195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gradual training reduces practice difficulty while preserving motor learning of a novel locomotor task","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Human Movement Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2013.02.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}