{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:39:30Z","timestamp":1791509970143,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Service","award":["N7348R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N7348R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Movement Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T02:15:41Z","timestamp":1494382541000},"page":"154-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Sensitivity of biomechanical outcomes to independent variations of hindfoot and forefoot stiffness in foot prostheses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Peter Gabriel","family":"Adamczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Roland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02455","article-title":"The advantages of a rolling foot in human walking","volume":"209","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.027581","article-title":"Redirection of center-of-mass velocity during the step-to-step transition of human walking","volume":"212","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.082347","article-title":"Mechanical and energetic consequences of rolling foot shape in human walking","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2356722","article-title":"Mechanisms of gait asymmetry due to push-off deficiency in unilateral amputees","volume":"23","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025104","article-title":"Novel method to evaluate angular stiffness of prosthetic feet from linear compression tests","volume":"135","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364612473501","article-title":"Influence of gait training and prosthetic foot category on external work symmetry during unilateral transtibial amputee gait","volume":"37","author":"Agrawal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prosthetics and Orthotics International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0035","series-title":"Prosthetic foot project report","author":"AOPA","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0040","first-page":"63","article-title":"Gait analysis and energy cost of below-knee amputees wearing six different prosthetic feet","volume":"4","author":"Barth","year":"1992","journal-title":"JPO: Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.10.002","article-title":"Influence of malalignment on socket reaction moments during gait in amputees with transtibial prostheses","volume":"37","author":"Boone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caputo, J. M., Adamczyk, P. G., & Collins, S. H. (2015). Informing ankle-foot prosthesis prescription through haptic emulation of candidate devices. In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) (pp. 6445\u20136450). doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA.2015.7140104.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2015.7140104"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caputo, J. M., Collins, S. H., & Adamczyk, P. G. (2014). Emulating prosthetic feet during the prescription process to improve outcomes and justifications. In 2014 IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (pp. 127\u2013128). doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/ARSO.2014.7020992.","DOI":"10.1109\/ARSO.2014.7020992"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9307","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009307","article-title":"Recycling energy to restore impaired ankle function during human walking","volume":"5","author":"Collins","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.04.009","article-title":"Comparative roll-over analysis of prosthetic feet","volume":"42","author":"Curtze","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.23.3717","article-title":"Mechanical work for step-to-step transitions is a major determinant of the metabolic cost of human walking","volume":"205","author":"Donelan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00169-5","article-title":"Simultaneous positive and negative external mechanical work in human walking","volume":"35","author":"Donelan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.06.007","article-title":"The influence of energy storage and return foot stiffness on walking mechanics and muscle activity in below-knee amputees","volume":"26","author":"Fey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4007824","article-title":"Optimization of prosthetic foot stiffness to reduce metabolic cost and intact knee loading during below-knee amputee walking: A theoretical study","volume":"134","author":"Fey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.11.051","article-title":"Altering prosthetic foot stiffness influences foot and muscle function during below-knee amputee walking: A modeling and simulation analysis","volume":"46","author":"Fey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00008526-200109000-00011","article-title":"Energy loss and stiffness properties of dynamic elastic response prosthetic feet","volume":"13","author":"Geil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(02)00020-7","article-title":"Energy storage and return prostheses: Does patient perception correlate with biomechanical analysis?","volume":"17","author":"Hafner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640008726549","article-title":"Prosthetic foot roll-over shapes with implications for alignment of trans-tibial prostheses","volume":"24","author":"Hansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prosthetics and Orthotics International"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640308726664","article-title":"Alignment of trans-tibial prostheses based on roll-over shape principles","volume":"27","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prosthetics and Orthotics International"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/00008526-200404000-00002","article-title":"The effective foot length ratio: A potential tool for characterization and evaluation of prosthetic feet","volume":"16","author":"Hansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.02.009","article-title":"The energy cost for the step-to-step transition in amputee walking","volume":"30","author":"Houdijk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080310","article-title":"Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking","volume":"8","author":"Kadaba","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.01.0003","article-title":"Effects of prosthetic foot forefoot flexibility on oxygen cost and subjective preference rankings of unilateral transtibial prosthesis users","volume":"47","author":"Klodd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2009.10.0166","article-title":"Effects of prosthetic foot forefoot flexibility on gait of unilateral transtibial prosthesis users","volume":"47","author":"Klodd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2003.02.0025","article-title":"Heel-region properties of prosthetic feet and shoes","volume":"41","author":"Klute","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(93)90013-Z","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of dynamic elastic response feet: Seattle Ankle\/Lite Foot versus SACH foot","volume":"74","author":"Lehmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(93)90013-Z","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of dynamic elastic response feet: Seattle Ankle\/Lite Foot versus SACH foot","volume":"74","author":"Lehmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(23)00022-9","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of energy storing prosthetic feet: Flex Foot and Seattle Foot Versus Standard SACH foot","volume":"74","author":"Lehmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"7280","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08723","article-title":"Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners","volume":"463","author":"Lieberman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.07.016","article-title":"Amputee independent prosthesis properties\u2014A new model for description and measurement","volume":"44","author":"Major","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.10.012","article-title":"The effects of prosthetic ankle stiffness on ankle and knee kinematics, prosthetic limb loading, and net metabolic cost of trans-tibial amputee gait","volume":"29","author":"Major","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0014-8","article-title":"The influence of push-off timing in a robotic ankle-foot prosthesis on the energetics and mechanics of walking","volume":"12","author":"Malcolm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0180","first-page":"52","article-title":"Analysis of a vertical compliance prosthetic foot","volume":"34","author":"Miller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.07.001","article-title":"The effect of prosthetic foot push-off on mechanical loading associated with knee osteoarthritis in lower extremity amputees","volume":"34","author":"Morgenroth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1109\/86.650279","article-title":"Prosthetic weight acceptance mechanics in transtibial amputees wearing the single axis, seattle lite, and flex foot","volume":"5","author":"Perry","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0195","first-page":"373","article-title":"The effect of prosthetic alignment on relative limb loading in persons with trans-tibial amputation: A preliminary report","volume":"32","author":"Pinzur","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1109\/86.340873","article-title":"A new technique for the calculation of the energy stored, dissipated, and recovered in different ankle-foot prostheses","volume":"2","author":"Prince","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.10.002","article-title":"Biomechanical characteristics, patient preference and activity level with different prosthetic feet: A randomized double blind trial with laboratory and community testing","volume":"48","author":"Raschke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.04.004","article-title":"A collisional model of the energetic cost of support work qualitatively explains leg sequencing in walking and galloping, pseudo-elastic leg behavior in running and the walk-to-run transition","volume":"237","author":"Ruina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640408726698","article-title":"Characterisation of prosthetic feet used in low-income countries","volume":"28","author":"Sam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prosthetics and Orthotics International"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00008-5","article-title":"Energy expenditure and biomechanical characteristics of lower limb amputee gait: The influence of prosthetic alignment and different prosthetic components","volume":"16","author":"Schmalz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215503cr678oa","article-title":"Effects of prosthesis alignment on pressure distribution at the stump\/socket interface in transtibial amputees during unsupported stance and gait","volume":"17","author":"Seelen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2011.08.005","article-title":"The effects of a controlled energy storage and return prototype prosthetic foot on transtibial amputee ambulation","volume":"31","author":"Segal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.10.013","article-title":"Adaptations to mass perturbations in transtibial amputees: Kinetic or kinematic invariance?","volume":"85","author":"Selles","year":"2004","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59935","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059935","article-title":"Estimation of quasi-stiffness and propulsive work of the human ankle in the stance phase of walking","volume":"8","author":"Shamaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02584466","article-title":"Parameter estimation for a prosthetic ankle","volume":"23","author":"Singer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3002757","article-title":"A low-dimensional sagittal-plane forward-dynamic model for asymmetric gait and its application to study the gait of transtibial prosthesis users","volume":"131","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.08.017","article-title":"A unified deformable (UD) segment model for quantifying total power of anatomical and prosthetic below-knee structures during stance in gait","volume":"45","author":"Takahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0260","first-page":"111","article-title":"Energy expenditure during ambulation in dysvascular and traumatic below-knee amputees: a comparison of five prosthetic feet","volume":"32","author":"Torburn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0265","unstructured":"Van Jaarsveld, H. W. L., Grootenboer, H. J., Vries, J. D., & Koopman, H. F. J. M. (1990). Stiffness and hysteresis properties of some prosthetic feet [research-article]. Retrieved March 31, 2014, from http:\/\/informahealthcare.com\/doi\/abs\/10.3109\/03093649009080337."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.10.003","article-title":"The effects of prosthetic ankle dorsiflexion and energy return on below-knee amputee leg loading","volume":"26","author":"Ventura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2011.2159018","article-title":"Systematic variation of prosthetic foot spring affects center-of-mass mechanics and metabolic cost during walking","volume":"19","author":"Zelik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, IEEE Transactions on"}],"container-title":["Human Movement Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167945717302816?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167945717302816?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T13:49:20Z","timestamp":1692798560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167945717302816"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0167945717302816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-9457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-9457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sensitivity of biomechanical outcomes to independent variations of hindfoot and forefoot stiffness in foot prostheses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Human Movement Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2017.04.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}