{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T14:58:56Z","timestamp":1794495536850,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T11:35:11Z","timestamp":1661686511000},"page":"71-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Female urethral carcinoma: a contemporary review of the clinicopathologic features, with emphasis on the histoanatomic landmarks and potential staging issues"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Maria Sarah","family":"Lagarde-Lenon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1577-3586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manju","family":"Aron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.08.1057","article-title":"Incidence of primary urethral carcinoma in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Swartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2011.10.031","article-title":"Incidence and survival of rare urogenital cancers in Europe","volume":"48","author":"Visser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib3","series-title":"AJCC cancer staging manual, eighth edition","author":"Amin","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib4","first-page":"627","article-title":"Incidence rates and contemporary trends in primary urethral cancer","volume":"32","author":"Wenzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2021.05.011","article-title":"Urethral masses","volume":"48","author":"Serrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib6","first-page":"325","article-title":"Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of primary urethral cancer: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Farrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Rep Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.08.040","article-title":"Urethral diverticula in 90 female patients: a study with emphasis on neoplastic alterations","volume":"180","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1998.00878.x","article-title":"Female urethral carcinoma: an analysis of treatment outcome and a plea for a standardized management strategy","volume":"82","author":"Dalbagni","year":"1998","journal-title":"BJU"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2020.06.003","article-title":"European Association of Urology guidelines on primary urethral carcinoma-2020 update","volume":"3","author":"Gakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2016.06.011","article-title":"Management of proximal primary urethral cancer: should multidisciplinary therapy be the gold standard?","volume":"43","author":"Zinman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66352-5","article-title":"The efficacy of transurethral biopsy for predicting the long-term clinical impact of prostatic invasive bladder cancer","volume":"165","author":"Donat","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2017.0156","article-title":"Bladder cancer, version 5.2017, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology","author":"Spiess","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Cancer Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-012-0882-5","article-title":"Primary urethral carcinoma in females: an epidemiologic study on demographical factors, histological types, tumor stage and survival","volume":"31","author":"Derksen","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-1439(03)00174-1","article-title":"Surgical treatment for local control of female urethral carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Dimarco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4103\/UA.UA_136_17","article-title":"Primary urethral carcinoma: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data analysis identifying predictors of cancer-specific survival","volume":"10","author":"Aleksic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urol Ann"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.08.007","article-title":"Role of voided urine cytology in diagnosing primary urethral carcinoma","volume":"63","author":"Touijer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/76.3.339","article-title":"Clear cell carcinoma in Mullerian duct cyst","volume":"76","author":"Novak","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib18","first-page":"147","article-title":"Primary carcinomas of the urethra","volume":"14","author":"Amin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2009.10.011","article-title":"Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the bladder and urethra: cases diffusely mimicking nephrogenic adenoma","volume":"41","author":"Herawi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-019-02289-w","article-title":"The epidemiology and role of surgery in the treatment of urethral clear cell carcinoma","volume":"52","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib21","first-page":"38","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma of the urethra with mucinous features","volume":"17","author":"Satyanarayan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib22","first-page":"1665","article-title":"Urethral adenocarcinoma associated with intestinal-type metaplasia, case report and literature review","volume":"6","author":"Hale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.1998.tb00606.x","article-title":"Carcinoembryonic antigen positive adenocarcinoma of a female urethra diverticulum: case report and review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Kato","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2015.09.014","article-title":"Primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the female urethra: a contemporary clinicopathologic analysis","volume":"47","author":"Harari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1389.034","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the female pelvic floor","volume":"1101","author":"Ashton-Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001108","article-title":"Skene's glands adenocarcinoma: a series of 4 cases","volume":"42","author":"Tregnago","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2019.11.022","article-title":"A rare case of Skene's gland adenocarcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Kyriazis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Genitourin Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.13145","article-title":"Skene gland adenocarcinoma: clinicopathologic features, comprehensive biomarker analysis, and review of the literature","volume":"71","author":"Saeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000101144.79462.39","article-title":"Skene's gland adenocarcinoma resembling prostatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Pongtippan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896920947808","article-title":"First molecular genetic characterization of Skene's gland adenocarcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Lenz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(98)80080-0","article-title":"Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the female prostate (Skenes paraurethral glands). Histological and immunohistochemical prostate markers studies and first ultrastructural observation","volume":"194","author":"Sloboda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-020-02399-1","article-title":"Female distal urethral primary urothelial carcinoma: rare entity and management","volume":"83","author":"Bhirud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/10668969211032481","article-title":"A contemporary clinicopathologic analysis of primary urothelial carcinoma of the urethra without concurrent renal pelvic, ureteral or bladder carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2019.07.001","article-title":"Current disease management of primary urethral carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Janisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/28.6.357","article-title":"Transitional cell carcinoma of the urethra in men and women associated with bladder cancer","volume":"28","author":"Kakizoe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2021.04.23","article-title":"Sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma arising in the female urethral diverticulum","volume":"51","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pathol Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2017.08.006","article-title":"Carcinoma of the urethra","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2011.09.003","article-title":"Clinicopathological and biological prognostic variables in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva","volume":"83","author":"Gadducci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14560","article-title":"Current insights into the aetiology, pathobiology, and management of local disease recurrence in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva","volume":"124","author":"Yap","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2004.00859.x","article-title":"Successful treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the female urethra with combined radio-and chemotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Hara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-009-9618-x","article-title":"Urethral diverticular carcinoma: an overview of current trends in diagnosis and management","volume":"42","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2018.07.08","article-title":"Urethral diverticulum carcinoma in females-a case series and review of the English and Japanese literature","volume":"7","author":"O'Connor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.1997.tb04530.x","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma arising from the outer uretheral orifice: a case report examined by histologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical methods","volume":"47","author":"Fukuda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2009.02415.x","article-title":"Primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the female urethra","volume":"59","author":"Yoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003054","article-title":"Primary small cell neuroendocrine tumor within a urethral diverticulum","volume":"133","author":"Sisler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2020.11.014","article-title":"Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the lower urinary tract: biologic behavior of a rare entity","volume":"109","author":"Rodriguez Pena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011113","article-title":"Primary small cell carcinoma of the ureter: a case report and review of literature","volume":"97","author":"Farci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-3130-3","article-title":"Primary malignant melanoma of the urethra: a systematic analysis of the current literature","volume":"289","author":"El-Safadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37358-5","article-title":"Primary malignant lymphoma of the female urethra: report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"147","author":"Vapnek","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2021.07.025","article-title":"Urethral large B-cell urethral lymphoma: a case report and literature review","volume":"60","author":"Chien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12507","article-title":"Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue- type lymphoma presenting as an urethral caruncle with urinary bladder involvement","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2019.1.49","article-title":"Blastoid variant of mantle cell lymphoma of the female urethra mimicking a caruncle: a rare but highly aggressive subtype case with literature review","volume":"19","author":"Palmisano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001635","article-title":"Mesonephric (Wolffian-derived) adenocarcinoma of the female urethra","volume":"45","author":"Paner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00263-X","article-title":"Incidence of urethral involvement in female bladder cancer: an anatomic pathologic study","volume":"50","author":"Maralani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2020.09.011","article-title":"Primary adenocarcinomas of the vulva and related structures: an enigmatic and diverse group of tumors","volume":"38","author":"Desouki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.12.021","article-title":"Comprehensive genomic profiling of histologic subtypes of urethral carcinomas","volume":"39","author":"Jacob","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-019-02634-5","article-title":"Molecular profiling of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urinary tract","volume":"475","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896920988348","article-title":"Histopathological subtypes and PD-L1 expression in primary urethral adenocarcinoma: a series of 5 cases","volume":"29","author":"Padilla-Ansala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib59","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Female pelvic floor anatomy: the pelvic floor, supporting structures, and pelvic organs","volume":"6","author":"Herschorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(21)00397-9","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the male and female urethra","volume":"19","author":"Carroll","year":"1992","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2012.16.3.102","article-title":"Clinical and functional anatomy of the urethral sphincter","volume":"16","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Neurourol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092050213","article-title":"The striated urogenital sphincter in the female","volume":"205","author":"Oerlich","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000046188","article-title":"Sphincteric musculature of female canine urethra in comparison to woman including 3D reconstruction","volume":"170","author":"Ju","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s001200050466","article-title":"Anatomical principles of urinary incontinence","volume":"40","author":"Dorschner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urologe A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000124106.16505.df","article-title":"An anatomical description of the male and female urethral sphincter complex","volume":"171","author":"Yucel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib66","first-page":"91","article-title":"Correlative study of paraurethral anatomy","volume":"68","author":"DeLancey","year":"1986","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000282605","article-title":"A new theory of micturition and urinary incontinence based on histomorphologic studies. The two parts of the musculus sphincter urethrae: physiological importance for continence in rest and stress","volume":"52","author":"Dorschner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(05)70304-9","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the organs of micturition","volume":"23","author":"Elbadawi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.121090","article-title":"Age effects on urethral striated muscle. II. Anatomic location of muscle loss","volume":"186","author":"Perucchini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.03.009","article-title":"Urethral circular smooth muscle in young and old women","volume":"198","author":"Clobes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001569","article-title":"Primary female urethral carcinoma proposed staging modifications based on assessment of female urethral histology and analysis of a large series of female urethral carcinomas","volume":"44","author":"Aron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.10.037","article-title":"Detailed histological investigation of the female urethra: application to radical cystectomy","volume":"187","author":"Hinata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0000000000000387","article-title":"Histologic anatomy of the anterior vagina and urethra","volume":"23","author":"Mazloomdoost","year":"2017","journal-title":"Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.02.058","article-title":"Prognostic factors and outcomes after definitive treatment of female urethral cancer: a population-based analysis","volume":"80","author":"Champ","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19870901)60:5<1038::AID-CNCR2820600519>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma of the urethra in women. A clinicopathologic study","volume":"60","author":"Meis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930515)71:10<3102::AID-CNCR2820711034>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Primary carcinoma of the female urethra. Results of radiation therapy","volume":"71","author":"Garden","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(82)90105-6","article-title":"Primary carcinoma of the female urethra","volume":"14","author":"Benson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)58741-8","article-title":"Primary carcinoma of the female urethra","volume":"116","author":"Bracken","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2021.106100","article-title":"Female primary urethral carcinoma: a rare case report","volume":"85","author":"Pratama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2017.10.006","article-title":"Female urethra adenocarcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Dell'Atti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Genitourin Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib81","article-title":"Urethral carcinoma: a compilation of case studies and research findings","volume":"31","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_345.x","article-title":"Female urethral adenocarcinoma with heterogenous phenotype","volume":"114","author":"Kuroda","year":"2006","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyi024","article-title":"Primary carcinoma of the female urethra: single center experience of 18 cases","volume":"35","author":"Thyavihally","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jap J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Human Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0046817722002210?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0046817722002210?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T16:40:35Z","timestamp":1758645635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0046817722002210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["S0046817722002210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0046-8177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0046-8177","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Female urethral carcinoma: a contemporary review of the clinicopathologic features, with emphasis on the histoanatomic landmarks and potential staging issues","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Human Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.08.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}