{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:08:46Z","timestamp":1790813326546,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,6]],"date-time":"2011-07-06T21:03:35Z","timestamp":1309986215000},"page":"441-455","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Nonallergic Rhinopathy (Formerly\u00a0Known as Vasomotor Rhinitis)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Kaliner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib1","series-title":"Nonallergic rhinitis","author":"Baraniuk","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3181aadb16","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms of idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis","volume":"2","author":"Baraniuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Allergy Organiz J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib3","first-page":"119","article-title":"Consensus definition of nonallergic rhinopathy (NAR), previously referred to as vasomotor rhinitis (VMR), nonallergic rhinitis, and\/or idiopathic rhinitis","volume":"2","author":"Kaliner","year":"2009","journal-title":"WAO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X158057","article-title":"Identifying and managing rhinitis and its subtypes: allergic and nonallergic components\u2014a consensus report and materials from the Respiratory and Allergic Disease Foundation","volume":"22","author":"Nassef","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib5","series-title":"Current review of rhinitis","first-page":"69","article-title":"Mixed rhinitis: a new subclass of chronic rhinitis?","author":"Bernstein","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)63546-6","article-title":"Questionnaire evaluation and risk factor identification for nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis","volume":"96","author":"Brandt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib7","series-title":"Nonallergic rhinitis","first-page":"55","article-title":"Questionnaire diagnosis of non-allergic rhinitis","author":"Brandt","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60480-2","article-title":"Assessment of a rhinitis questionnaire in a seasonal allergic rhinitis population","volume":"100","author":"Bernstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib9","unstructured":"Bernstein JA, Brandt DM, Martin V. Differentiation of chronic rhinitis subtypes using an Irritant Index Scale. Presented at the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Annual Meeting. Dallas (TX), November 8\u201313, 2007."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62896-7","article-title":"Update on nonallergic rhinitis","volume":"86","author":"Settipane","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.06.003","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter","volume":"122","author":"Wallace","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(80)90196-7","article-title":"Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: their characterization with attention to the meaning of nasal eosinophilia","volume":"65","author":"Mullarkey","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib13","first-page":"513","article-title":"Perennial nonallergic rhinitis: a retrospective review","volume":"63","author":"Enberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib14","first-page":"182","article-title":"Age relationships and clinical features of nonallergic rhinitis","volume":"85","author":"Togias","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70370-2","article-title":"Perennial rhinitis: an independent risk factor for asthma in nonatopic subjects. Results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey","volume":"104","author":"Leynaert","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib16","first-page":"147","article-title":"Rhinitis: a dose of epidemiological reality","volume":"24","author":"Settipane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62089-3","article-title":"Rhinitis (allergic and nonallergic) in an atopic pediatric referral population in the grasslands of inland South Africa","volume":"89","author":"Mercer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01054.x","article-title":"Prevalence, classification and perception of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in Belgium","volume":"61","author":"Bachert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01355.x","article-title":"Differences between allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in a large sample of adolescents and adults","volume":"62","author":"M\u00f8lgaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60488-7","article-title":"The burden of rhinitis in a managed care organization","volume":"101","author":"Schatz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib21","first-page":"23","article-title":"Epidemiology of rhinitis: allergic and nonallergic","volume":"19","author":"Settipane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60305-5","article-title":"Allergy diagnostic testing: an updated practice parameter","volume":"100","author":"Bernstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3181b2ff8a","article-title":"Consensus description of inclusion and exclusion criteria for clinical studies of nonallergic rhinopathy, previously referred to as vasomotor rhinitis (VMR) nonallergic rhinitis or idiopathic rhinitis","volume":"2","author":"Kaliner","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Allergy Organiz J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70463-X","article-title":"Direct expenditures for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in the United States in 1996, including contributions of related airway illnesses","volume":"103","author":"Ray","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200422060-00002","article-title":"The economic burden of allergic rhinitis: a critical evaluation of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib26","series-title":"Current review of rhinitis","first-page":"55","article-title":"Nonallergic rhinitis","author":"Settipane","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib27","unstructured":"Kaliner M, Lieberman P. Incidence of allergic, nonallergic and mixed rhinitis in clinical practice. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) Foundation. Washington, DC, September 24\u201327, 2000; Poster PO75."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01715.x","article-title":"Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GALEN paper","volume":"63","author":"Bousquet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3181990aac","article-title":"Nonallergic rhinitis, with a focus on vasomotor rhinitis: clinical importance, differential diagnosis, and effective treatment recommendations","volume":"2","author":"Scarupa","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Allergy Organiz J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.06.029","article-title":"Pharmacologic rationale for treating allergic and nonallergic rhinitis","volume":"118","author":"Greiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3181a9d55b","article-title":"Classification of nonallergic rhinitis syndromes with a focus on vasomotor rhinitis, proposed to be known henceforth as nonallergic rhinopathy","volume":"2","author":"Kaliner","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Allergy Organiz J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib32","first-page":"20","article-title":"Recognizing and treating nonallergic rhinitis","volume":"27","author":"Kaliner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Female Patient"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib33","series-title":"Nonallergic rhinitis","first-page":"295","article-title":"Rhinitis medicamentosa","author":"Graf","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)63129-8","article-title":"Rhinitis symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Baraniuk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(89)90484-3","article-title":"Gustatory rhinitis: a syndrome of food-induced rhinorrhea","volume":"83","author":"Raphael","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib36","series-title":"Nonallergic rhinitis","first-page":"241","article-title":"Nonallergic occupational rhinitis","author":"Hellgren","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib37","first-page":"86","article-title":"Seasonal nonallergic rhinitis (SNAR)\u2014a new disease entity? A clinical and immunological comparison between SNAR, seasonal allergic rhinitis and persistent non-allergic rhinitis","volume":"43","author":"Wedback","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.6.1428","article-title":"Studies on the relationships between sensitivity to cold, dry air, hyperosmolal solutions, and histamine in the adult nose","volume":"141","author":"Togias","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3181af7c93","article-title":"The treatment of vasomotor rhinitis with intranasal corticosteroids","volume":"2","author":"Meltzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Allergy Organiz J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62369-1","article-title":"Intranasal fluticasone is effective for perennial nonallergic rhinitis with or without eosinophilia","volume":"88","author":"Webb","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib41","first-page":"445","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intranasal budesonide in the treatment of perennial rhinitis in adults and children","volume":"64","author":"Day","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/000164801300366679","article-title":"Mometasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of perennial non-allergic rhinitis: a Nordic, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"121","author":"Lundblad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70267-7","article-title":"The effect of nasal steroid aqueous spray on nasal complaint scores and cellular infiltrates in the nasal mucosa of patients with nonallergic, noninfectious perennial rhinitis","volume":"100","author":"Blom","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1982.tb01879.x","article-title":"Oral vasoconstrictors in perennial non-allergic rhinitis","volume":"37","author":"Broms","year":"1982","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60355-9","article-title":"Azelastine and olopatadine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis","volume":"103","author":"Kaliner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60560-1","article-title":"A\u00a0novel and effective approach to treating rhinitis with nasal antihistamines","volume":"99","author":"Kaliner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62352-6","article-title":"Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of vasomotor (perennial nonallergic) rhinitis","volume":"86","author":"Banov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62085-6","article-title":"Intranasal corticosteroids versus topical H1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Yanez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2010.08.010","article-title":"The role of intranasal antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, IV: efficacy of intranasal antihistamines","volume":"106","author":"Kaliner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2009.30.3232","article-title":"Comparison of olopatadine 0.6% nasal spray versus fluticasone propionate 50 microg in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis","volume":"30","author":"Kaliner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib51","unstructured":"Data on file, Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc, Somerset."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60408-5","article-title":"Combination therapy with azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray and fluticasone propionate nasal spray in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis","volume":"100","author":"Ratner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2010.06.008","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of azelastine and fluticasone in a single nasal spray delivery device","volume":"105","author":"Hampel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2010.31.3326","article-title":"Evaluation of olopatadine hydrochloride nasal spray, 0.6%, used in combination with an intranasal corticosteroid in seasonal allergic rhinitis","volume":"31","author":"LaForce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib55","first-page":"32","article-title":"The skier\u2019s nose: a model of cold-induced rhinorrhea","volume":"67","author":"Silvers","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240101500502","article-title":"Cold-induced rhinitis in skiers-clinical aspects and treatment with ipratropium bromide nasal spray: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Bonadonna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62620-8","article-title":"Comparison of ipratropium bromide 0.03% with beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of perennial rhinitis in children","volume":"83","author":"Milgrom","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)63284-X","article-title":"Ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.03% and beclomethasone nasal spray alone and in combination for the treatment of rhinorrhea in perennial rhinitis","volume":"82","author":"Dockhorn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2003.00203.x","article-title":"Intranasal capsaicin reduces nasal hyperreactivity in idiopathic rhinitis: a double-blind randomized application regimen study","volume":"58","author":"Van Rijswijk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2006.01.008","article-title":"The effect of intranasal injection of botulinum toxin A on the symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis","volume":"27","author":"Ozcan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480500472853","article-title":"Functional inferior turbinosurgery (FITS) for the treatment of resistant chronic rhinitis","volume":"126","author":"Ikeda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007_bib62","series-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis","article-title":"Adjuvant therapies in the treatment of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis","author":"Scarupa","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889856111000610?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889856111000610?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T20:05:29Z","timestamp":1560369929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889856111000610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889856111000610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iac.2011.05.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8561"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8561","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}}}