{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:06:33Z","timestamp":1778691993879,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T19:48:42Z","timestamp":1625255322000},"page":"493-515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mimics of Dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Oksana A.","family":"Bailiff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christen M.","family":"Mowad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S185357","article-title":"A\u00a0diagnostic checklist for generalized dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"Nedorost","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0281-6","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"14","author":"Kapur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.05.1241","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and phenotype of adult-onset atopic dermatitis","volume":"80","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000370220","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: global epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"66","author":"Nutten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2007.06034","article-title":"A\u00a0population-based survey of eczema prevalence in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Hanifin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib6","first-page":"267","article-title":"A\u00a0practical overview of pediatric atopic dermatitis, part 1: epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"97","author":"Silverberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.05.028","article-title":"Persistence of atopic dermatitis (AD): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1159\/000497383","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: collegium internationale allergologicum (CIA) update 2019","volume":"178","author":"Simon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13401","article-title":"Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in adults: results from an international survey","volume":"73","author":"Barbarot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.08.022","article-title":"Increasing comorbidities suggest that atopic dermatitis is a systemic disorder","volume":"137","author":"Brunner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.11963","article-title":"Update on atopic dermatitis","volume":"32","author":"Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med Port"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.07.012","article-title":"The burden of atopic dermatitis: summary of a report for the national eczema association","volume":"137","author":"Drucker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.09.035","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of the regional and age-related differences in atopic dermatitis clinical characteristics","volume":"80","author":"Yew","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0138","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis in adults: a diagnostic challenge","volume":"27","author":"Silvestre salvador","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2016.08.009","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of atopic dermatitis","volume":"37","author":"Barrett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib16","first-page":"884","article-title":"Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis: mimics, overlaps, and complications","volume":"4","author":"Siegfried","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib17","first-page":"713","article-title":"Irritant and allergic contact dermatitis - skin lesion characteristics","volume":"57","author":"Novak-bili\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000552","article-title":"Highlights in allergic contact dermatitis 2018\/2019","volume":"19","author":"Johansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40521-015-0064-y","article-title":"Another great imitator: allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis, clues to diagnosis, histopathology, and treatment","volume":"2","author":"So","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.02.1139","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis: patient diagnosis and evaluation","volume":"74","author":"Mowad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.02.1144","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis: patient management and education","volume":"74","author":"Mowad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2017.05.011","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis by anatomical regions: diagnostic clues","volume":"109","author":"Rozas-mu\u00f1oz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8717-9","article-title":"Contact dermatitis to cosmetics","volume":"56","author":"Zirwas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2019.10.003","article-title":"Contact dermatitis: a great imitator","volume":"38","author":"Elmas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2779","article-title":"Eczema in psoriatico: an important differential diagnosis between chronic allergic contact dermatitis and psoriasis in palmoplantar localization","volume":"98","author":"Kolesnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.01.027","article-title":"The value of pantomiming for allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"83","author":"Kamrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2020.02.002","article-title":"Occupational contact dermatitis: common occupational allergens","volume":"38","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13498","article-title":"Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to Hydrangea spp. in an Italian florist","volume":"82","author":"Romita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contact Derm"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib29","first-page":"39","article-title":"Cosmetically induced disorders of the nail with update on contemporary nail manicures","volume":"9","author":"Rieder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13203","article-title":"Dermatitis of the foot: epidemiologic and clinical features in 389 children","volume":"34","author":"Ortiz-salvador","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13854","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of worldwide epidemiology of psoriasis","volume":"31","author":"Michalek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.11.013","article-title":"Psoriasis prevalence among adults in the United States","volume":"70","author":"Rachakonda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.07.064","article-title":"Psoriasis and comorbid diseases: epidemiology","volume":"76","author":"Takeshita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12805","article-title":"Prevalence of psoriasis phenotypes among men and women in the USA","volume":"41","author":"Merola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"245","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib35","first-page":"2376","article-title":"The differential diagnosis of psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"3","author":"Tuzun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pigmentary Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib36","first-page":"189","article-title":"Manifestations and management of difficult-to-treat psoriasis","volume":"10","author":"Aldredge","year":"2018","journal-title":"JDNA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2018.80718","article-title":"Psoriasis in special localizations","volume":"56","author":"Dopytalska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12589","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12589","article-title":"Underdiagnosed and undertreated psoriasis: nuances of treating psoriasis affecting the scalp, face, intertriginous areas, genitals, hands, feet, and nails","volume":"31","author":"Merola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2015.04.007","article-title":"Psoriasis inversa: a separate identity or a variant of psoriasis vulgaris?","volume":"33","author":"Omland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib40","series-title":"Psoriasis: overview and diagnosis. Evidence-based psoriasis","first-page":"1","author":"Kimmel","year":"2018"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2018.05.011","article-title":"A\u00a0practical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of adult erythroderma","volume":"109","author":"Cuellar-barboza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.178099","article-title":"Management of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis: a comprehensive review","volume":"7","author":"Sahoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0276-y","article-title":"A\u00a0unique clinicopathological manifestation of fungal infection: a case series of deep dermatophytosis in immunosuppressed patients","volume":"18","author":"Kershenovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib44","first-page":"29","article-title":"To be or not to be tinea\u2013Misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment","volume":"62","author":"R\u00e3ducan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatovenerol (Buc)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib45","first-page":"702","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of tinea infections","volume":"90","author":"Ely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib46","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Tinea corporis","author":"Yee","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib47","first-page":"78","article-title":"Fungal infections from human and animal contact","volume":"4","author":"Baumgardner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Patient Cent Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib48","series-title":"Tinea manuum. StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Chamorro","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2017.07.001","article-title":"A\u00a0case of tinea incognita and differential diagnosis of figurate erythema","volume":"18","author":"Maul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib50","first-page":"749","article-title":"Mycology - an update part 2: dermatomycoses: clinical picture and diagnostics","volume":"12","author":"Nenoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2017.01.160190","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of scabies in a dermatology office","volume":"30","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Board Fam Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp052784","article-title":"Scabies","volume":"354","author":"Chosidow","year":"2006","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004188","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004188","article-title":"The potential for a blood test for scabies","volume":"9","author":"Arlian","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib54","first-page":"e1961","article-title":"Scabies surrepticius: scabies masquerading as pityriasis rosea","volume":"9","author":"Stiff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220-1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30469-3","article-title":"Scratching the itch: is scabies a truly neglected disease?","volume":"17","author":"Chosidow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006549","article-title":"Consensus criteria for the diagnosis of scabies: a Delphi study of international experts","volume":"12","author":"Engelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000495290","article-title":"A\u00a0review of scabies: an infestation more than skin deep","volume":"235","author":"Chandler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatology (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004691","article-title":"Scabies: advances in noninvasive diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Micali","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2012.24.2.194","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy for scabies","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2002.00115.x","article-title":"Scabies incognito presenting as urticaria pigmentosa in an infant","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-019-00325-2","article-title":"Review of Scabies in the Elderly","volume":"9","author":"Raffi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"issue":"945","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2003.014563","article-title":"Scabies: more than just an irritation","volume":"80","author":"McCarthy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2016.11.008","article-title":"Mycosis fungoides and sezary syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Foss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2018.09.001","article-title":"Mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome: an update","volume":"33","author":"Larocca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hematology\/Oncology Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.08.033","article-title":"Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome): part I. Diagnosis: clinical and histopathologic features and new molecular and biologic markers","volume":"70","author":"Jawed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24233","article-title":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: 2016\u00a0Update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management","volume":"91","author":"Wilcox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17258","article-title":"The PROCLIPI international registry of early stage mycosis fungoides identifies substantial diagnostic delay in most patients","volume":"181","author":"Scarisbrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2016.11.006","article-title":"Defining the mimics and clinico-histological diagnosis criteria for mycosis fungoides to minimize misdiagnosis","volume":"3","author":"Kelati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000207","article-title":"Mycosis fungoides: an updated review of clinicopathologic variants","volume":"36","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13843","article-title":"Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides: a retrospective clinicohistopathologic study","volume":"31","author":"Rodney","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2019.01.004","article-title":"Mycosis fungoides: A great imitator","volume":"37","author":"Hodak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2159","article-title":"Clinicopathological manifestations of ichthyosiform mycosis fungoides","volume":"96","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib73","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","author":"Jatwani","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2019.07.004","article-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Blake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0706-2","article-title":"Pathophysiology of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"17","author":"Achtman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2014.44031","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"33","author":"Szcz\u0119ch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310370344","article-title":"Photosensitivity, phototesting, and photoprotection in cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"19","author":"Kuhn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib78","first-page":"81","article-title":"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: current and future pathogenesis-directed therapies","volume":"93","author":"Little","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib79","first-page":"465","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"164","author":"Lowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S179623","article-title":"A\u00a0review of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: improving outcomes with a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"12","author":"Jarrett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.021","article-title":"The classification and diagnosis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"48-49","author":"Kuhn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.10.030","article-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: clinical characteristics, disease associations, treatments, and outcomes in a series of 90 patients at mayo clinic, 1996-2011","volume":"92","author":"Alniemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib83","first-page":"25","article-title":"Paraneoplastic subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: an underrecognized entity","volume":"91","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.06.1309","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: clinical features and pathogenesis","volume":"82","author":"Dewane","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.10.022","article-title":"Cutaneous dermatomyositis disease course followed over time using the cutaneous dermatomyositis disease area and severity index","volume":"79","author":"Chansky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.11.005","article-title":"The clinical features, diagnosis and classification of dermatomyositis","volume":"48-49","author":"Iaccarino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.003","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: Current concepts","volume":"36","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.12.055","article-title":"Applicability of EULAR\/ACR classification criteria for dermatomyositis to amyopathic disease","volume":"79","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120620","article-title":"Amyopathic dermatomyositis: retrospective review of 37 cases","volume":"46","author":"El-azhary","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8652-1","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis: a comprehensive review","volume":"53","author":"Mainetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200311000-00006","article-title":"Skin involvement in dermatomyositis","volume":"15","author":"Santmyire-rosenberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.12.015","article-title":"Cutaneous symptoms of dermatomyositis significantly impact patients' quality of life","volume":"54","author":"Hundley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387-408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(02)00021-9","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: an overview of recent progress with emphasis on dermatologic aspects","volume":"20","author":"Sontheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1365","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170819","article-title":"Mechanic's hands and hiker's feet in antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"189","author":"Wernham","year":"2017","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3598-5","article-title":"\"Hiker's feet\": a novel cutaneous finding in the inflammatory myopathies","volume":"36","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0340-7","article-title":"The role and diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"19","author":"Owen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"9997","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61909-7","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"386","author":"Boehncke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.1999.08.663","article-title":"\u2018Two feet-one hand\u2019 syndrome: a recurring infection with a peculiar connection","volume":"106","author":"Singri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.03.062","article-title":"Onychomycosis: clinical overview and diagnosis","volume":"80","author":"Lipner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"7517","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7517.619","article-title":"Scabies: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"331","author":"Johnston","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13855","article-title":"Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides: a 20-case retrospective series","volume":"57","author":"Amorim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.05.036","article-title":"Early clinical manifestations of Sezary syndrome: a multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"77","author":"Mangold","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.10.029","article-title":"S\u00e9zary syndrome without erythroderma: a review of 16 cases at Mayo Clinic","volume":"76","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.10.034","article-title":"Re-examining mechanic's hands as a characteristic skin finding in dermatomyositis","volume":"78","author":"Concha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889856121000345?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889856121000345?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:44:36Z","timestamp":1760179476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889856121000345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889856121000345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8561"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8561","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mimics of Dermatitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iac.2021.04.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}