{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T20:33:28Z","timestamp":1773520408789,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000762"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ibroneuroreports.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IBRO Neuroscience Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T02:40:27Z","timestamp":1749091227000},"page":"117-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cognitive functioning in young adults after mild COVID-19: A case-control study from Iran"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Farzad","family":"Akbarzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Faridhosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahboubeh","family":"eslamzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"ghalandarzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7041-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeedeh","family":"Hajebikhaniki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib1","series-title":"Standardization of Wechsler adult intelligence scale-R (WAIS-R)","author":"Abedi","year":"1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246590","article-title":"COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: a COVID-rehabilitation unit experience","volume":"16","author":"Alemanno","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.01.014","article-title":"Prevalence of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome symptoms at different follow-up periods: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Alkodaymi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-021-00663-w","article-title":"Cognitive assessment in asymptomatic COVID-19 subjects","volume":"32","author":"Amalakanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ariza, M., Cano, N., Segura, B., Bejar, J., Barru\u00e9, C., Group NPC, et al. Cognitive and emotional predictors of quality of life and functioning after COVID-19. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. vol. n\/a(no. n\/a). \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.51952\u3009.","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51952"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baj, J., Karaku\u0142a-Juchnowicz, H., Teresi\u0144ski, G., Buszewicz, G., 2020. COVID-19: specific and non-specific clinical manifestations and symptoms: the current state of knowledge. vol 9(no. 6). [PubMed ID:32516940]. \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9061753\u3009.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061753"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.30645","article-title":"Assessment of cognitive function in patients after COVID-19 infection","volume":"4","author":"Becker","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.06.002","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in people with previous COVID-19 infection: a scoping review","volume":"154","author":"Bertuccelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11047-5","article-title":"Cognitive, EEG, and MRI features of COVID-19 survivors: a 10-month study","volume":"269","author":"Cecchetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(00)00107-9","article-title":"Stroop interference and facilitation effects in first-episode schizophrenic patients","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cipolli, G.C., Alonso, V., 2023. Cognitive impairment in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a scoping review. vol. 81(no. 12), pp. 1053\u201369. [PubMed ID:38157873]. \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1777115\u3009.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1777115"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1076\/anec.10.2.85.14463","article-title":"Stroop interference, practice, and aging","volume":"10","author":"Davidson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.03.033","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19: a comprehensive neuropsychological study","volume":"150","author":"Delgado-Alonso","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.06.005","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: pathology and long-term implications for brain health","volume":"28","author":"Doty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helms, J., Kremer, S., Merdji, H., 2020. Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection. vol. 382(no. 23), pp. 2268\u201370. [PubMed ID:32294339]. \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2008597\u3009.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00640-3","article-title":"Immediate and long-term consequences of COVID-19 infections for the development of neurological disease","volume":"12","author":"Heneka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Res. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32939-0","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in young adults with post COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Herrera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.919596","article-title":"Oculomotor, vestibular, reaction time, and cognitive tests as objective measures of neural deficits in patients post COVID-19 infection","volume":"13","author":"Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Kessel, S.A.M., Olde Hartman, T.C., Lucassen, P., van Jaarsveld, C.H.M., 2022. Post-acute and long-COVID-19 symptoms in patients with mild diseases: a systematic review. vol. 39(no. 1), pp. 159\u201367. [PubMed ID:34268556]. \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fampra\/cmab076\u3009.","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmab076"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.577529","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric and cognitive sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib21","series-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment","author":"Lezak","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1082811","article-title":"Anosmia in COVID-19 could be associated with long-term deficits in the consolidation of procedural and verbal declarative memories","volume":"16","author":"Llana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12069-3","article-title":"Persistent cognitive slowing in post-COVID patients: longitudinal study over 6 months","volume":"271","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.03.019","article-title":"Cognitive impairments four months after COVID-19 hospital discharge: pattern, severity and association with illness variables","volume":"46","author":"Miskowiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/19.1.61","article-title":"Normative data for elderly African Americans for the stroop color and word test","volume":"19","author":"Moering","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08817-5","article-title":"Associated organs and system with COVID-19 death with information of organ support: a multicenter observational study","volume":"23","author":"Nakayama","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.03.005","article-title":"The wisconsin card sorting test and the cognitive assessment of prefrontal executive functions: a critical update","volume":"71","author":"Nyhus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1141809","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on cognition and mood after hospitalization and at 2-month follow-up","volume":"14","author":"Peskar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12091258","article-title":"COVID-19 Long-term effects: is there an impact on the simple reaction time and alternative-forced choice on recovered patients?","volume":"12","author":"Santoyo-Mora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonini, L., Frijia, F., Ait Ali, L., Foffa, I., 2024. A comprehensive review of COVID-19-related olfactory deficiency: unraveling associations with neurocognitive disorders and magnetic resonance imaging findings. vol. 14(no. 4). [PubMed ID:38396398]. \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14040359\u3009.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14040359"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.121.1.15","article-title":"Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions","volume":"121","author":"Stroop","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur, V., Ratho, R.K., Kumar, P., Bhatia, S.K., 2021. Multi-organ involvement in COVID-19: beyond pulmonary manifestations. vol. 10(no. 3). [PubMed ID:33498861]. \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10030446\u3009.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030446"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.103838","article-title":"Attention and memory after COVID-19 as measured by neuropsychological tests: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"233","author":"Velichkovsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1198267","article-title":"Olfaction and neurocognition after COVID-19: a scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Vilarello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib35","series-title":"WAIS-R\u202f: manual\u202f: Wechsler adult intelligence scale--revised","author":"Wechsler","year":"1981"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2021.1874056","article-title":"Neurocognitive deficits in severe COVID-19 infection: case series and proposed model","volume":"35","author":"Whiteside","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa205","article-title":"Frequent neurocognitive deficits after recovery from mild COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Woo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib38","article-title":"Long COVID: the next public health crisis is already on its way","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.08.008","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on cognition and brain health","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.06.022","article-title":"The landscape of cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 patients","volume":"129","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."}],"container-title":["IBRO Neuroscience Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667242125000855?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667242125000855?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T04:31:30Z","timestamp":1766032290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667242125000855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S2667242125000855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-2421"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-2421","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cognitive functioning in young adults after mild COVID-19: A case-control study from Iran","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.06.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Brain Research Organization.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}