{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:48:10Z","timestamp":1772794090661,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Icarus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T15:11:45Z","timestamp":1715008305000},"page":"116108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Automatic segmentation of radar data from the Chang\u2019E-4 mission using unsupervised machine learning: A data-driven interpretation approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"417","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7672-8992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iraklis","family":"Giannakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ciaran","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianqing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Martin-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria-Paz","family":"Zorzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Giannopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Leontidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b1","series-title":"Theory and Applications of Long-Range Dependence","first-page":"557","article-title":"Semi-parametric estimation of the long-range dependence parameter: A survey","author":"Bardet","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b2","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Lunar Science","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pyroclastic deposits, remote sensing of","author":"Bennett","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b3","series-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning","author":"Bishop","year":"2006"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b4","article-title":"Determination of broadband complex EM parameters of powdered materials: 1. MCMC-based two-port transmission line measurements","volume":"127","author":"Boivin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Planets"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b5","article-title":"Determination of broadband complex EM parameters of powdered materials: 2. Ilmenite-bearing Lunar analogue materials","volume":"127","author":"Boivin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Planets"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x","article-title":"An analysis of transformations","volume":"26","author":"Box","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b8","first-page":"1","article-title":"A dendrite method for cluster analysis","volume":"3","author":"Calinski","year":"1974","journal-title":"Commun. Stat."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196347","article-title":"Unsupervised machine learning applied to seismic interpretation: Towards an unsupervised automated interpretation tool","volume":"21","author":"Celecia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2699184","article-title":"DeepLab: Semantic image segmentation with deep convolutional nets, atrous convolution, and fully connected CRFs","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A35","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142677","article-title":"Sub-surface stratification and dielectric permittivity distribution at the Chang\u2019e-4 landing site revealed by the Lunar penetrating radar","volume":"664","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3SO","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2098670","article-title":"Seismic attributes \u2014 A historical perspective","volume":"70","author":"Chopra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b13","first-page":"3161","article-title":"Dielectric properties of Apollo 14 Lunar samples","volume":"vol. 3","author":"Chung","year":"1972"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6524","DOI":"10.1029\/JB075i032p06524","article-title":"Dielectric properties of Apollo 11 Lunar samples and their comparison with Earth materials","volume":"75","author":"Chung","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203364","article-title":"Bathymetric inversion and uncertainty estimation from synthetic surf-zone imagery with machine learning","volume":"12","author":"Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b16","first-page":"1","article-title":"3DInvNet: A deep learning-based 3D ground-penetrating radar data inversion","volume":"61","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b17","series-title":"Ground Penetrating Radar","author":"Daniels","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1979.4766909","article-title":"A cluster separation measure","volume":"PAMI-1","author":"Davies","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b19","first-page":"8076","article-title":"Efficient image segmentation and implementation of K-means clustering","volume":"45","author":"Deeparani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today: Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.06.090","article-title":"Image segmentation using K -means clustering algorithm and subtractive clustering algorithm","volume":"54","author":"Dhanachandra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"62","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj6660","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abj6660","article-title":"A 2-year locomotive exploration and scientific investigation of the Lunar farside by the Yutu-2 rover","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science Robotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL089264","article-title":"Dielectric properties of Lunar subsurface materials","volume":"47","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040629","article-title":"Properties analysis of Lunar regolith at Chang\u2019e-4 landing site based on 3D velocity spectrum of Lunar penetrating radar","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b24","unstructured":"Ester, Martin, Kriegel, Hans-Peter, Sander, J\u00f6rg, Xu, Xiaowei, 1996. A Density-Based Algorithm for Discovering Clusters in Large Spatial Databases with Noise. In: Proc. of 2nd International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and. pp. 226\u2013231."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15215173","article-title":"In-situ radar observation of shallow Lunar regolith at the chang&rsquo;e-5 landing site: Research progress and perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4527\/14\/12\/009","article-title":"Lunar penetrating radar onboard the Chang\u2019e-3 mission","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Astron. Astrophys."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.231","article-title":"Learning hierarchical features for scene labeling","volume":"35","author":"Farabet","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JE007714","article-title":"Layered structures in the upper several hundred meters of the Moon along the Chang\u2019e-4 rover\u2019s first 1,000-m traverse","volume":"128","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Planets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b29","series-title":"Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow","author":"G\u00e9ron","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b30","series-title":"Realistic Numerical Modelling of Ground Penetrating Radar for Landmine Detection","author":"Giannakis","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2023.115797","article-title":"A flexible deep learning crater detection scheme using segment anything model (SAM)","volume":"408","author":"Giannakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2014.2376981","article-title":"Time-synchronized convolutional perfectly matched layer for improved absorbing performance in FDTD","volume":"14","author":"Giannakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4417","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2891206","article-title":"A machine learning-based fast-forward solver for ground penetrating radar with application to full-waveform inversion","volume":"57","author":"Giannakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b34","first-page":"1","article-title":"A machine learning scheme for estimating the diameter of reinforcing bars using ground penetrating radar","author":"Giannakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2020.2977505","article-title":"A machine learning scheme for estimating the diameter of reinforcing bars using ground penetrating radar","volume":"18","author":"Giannakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2023.115837","article-title":"Evidence of shallow basaltic lava layers in Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n crater from Yutu-2 Lunar penetrating radar","volume":"408","author":"Giannakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2023.115555","article-title":"Stochastic hyperbola fitting, probabilistic inversion, reverse-time migration and clustering: A novel interpretation toolbox for in-situ planetary radar","volume":"400","author":"Giannakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL092866","article-title":"Inferring the shallow layered structure at the Chang\u2019e-4 landing site: A novel interpretation approach using Lunar penetrating radar","volume":"48","author":"Giannakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2022.3195947","article-title":"On the limitations of hyperbola fitting for estimating the radius of cylindrical targets in nondestructive testing and utility detection","volume":"19","author":"Giannakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.02.139","article-title":"Deep learning-based aerial image segmentation with open data for disaster impact assessment","volume":"439","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-020-00740-4","article-title":"Radar imager for Mars\u2019 subsurface experiment\u2014RIMFAX","volume":"216","author":"Hamran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2020.104939","article-title":"The WISDOM radar on board the ExoMars 2022 Rover: Characterization and calibration of the flight model","volume":"189","author":"Herv\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JE005577","article-title":"Geological characteristics of Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n crater, northwestern south Pole-Aitken basin: Chang\u2019e-4 landing site region","volume":"123","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Planets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b44","series-title":"Neural Information Processing","first-page":"159","article-title":"A supervised methodology to measure the variables contribution to a clustering","author":"Ismaili","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b45","first-page":"407","article-title":"Quadratic variations and estimation of the local H\u00f6lder index of a Gaussian process","volume":"33","author":"Istas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. l\u2019I.H.P. Probab. Stat."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1080\/08120090701392713","article-title":"Global mapping of iron and titanium oxides in the Lunar megaregolith and subsurface","volume":"54","author":"Jackson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b47","series-title":"An Introduction to Statistical Learning: with Applications in R","author":"James","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2018.02.011","article-title":"The scientific objectives and payloads of Chang\u2019e- 4 mission","volume":"162","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10,155","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL074998","article-title":"Detection of intact lava tubes at marius hills on the Moon by SELENE (Kaguya) Lunar radar sounder","volume":"44","author":"Kaku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8006","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3048375","article-title":"Binarized encoder-decoder network and binarized deconvolution engine for semantic segmentation","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b51","series-title":"Segment anything","author":"Kirillov","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1497577.1497578","article-title":"Clustering high dimensional data: A survey on subspace clustering, pattern-based clustering, and correlation clustering","volume":"3","author":"Kriegel","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data (TKDD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-020-1200-6","article-title":"Multiple subglacial water bodies below the south pole of Mars unveiled by new MARSIS data","author":"Lauro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay6898","article-title":"The Moon\u2019s farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang\u2019e-4 Lunar penetrating radar","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2761881","article-title":"Pitfalls in GPR data interpretation: False reflectors detected in Lunar radar cross sections by Chang\u2019e-3","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b56","series-title":"Geophysical Exploration Technology","first-page":"103","article-title":"Chapter 5 - Seismic attribute analysis","author":"Li","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b57","series-title":"Applied Unsupervised Learning with R: Uncover Hidden Relationships and Patterns with K-Means Clustering, Hierarchical Clustering, and PCA","author":"Malik","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1137\/1010093","article-title":"Fractional Brownian motions, fractional noises and applications","volume":"10","author":"Mandelbrot","year":"1968","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b59","series-title":"wfbmesti: MATLAB function for estimating parameters of fractional Brownian motion","author":"MathWorks","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6401","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar7268","article-title":"Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars","volume":"361","author":"Orosei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Background removal, velocity estimation, and reverse-time migration: A complete GPR processing pipeline based on machine learning","volume":"61","author":"Patsia","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b62","first-page":"1","article-title":"GPR full-waveform inversion with deep-learning forward modeling: A case study from non-destructive testing","volume":"61","author":"Patsia","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"E12","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b63","article-title":"Elemental composition of the Lunar surface: Analysis of gamma ray spectroscopy data from Lunar prospector","volume":"111","author":"Prettyman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Planets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1JA","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2021-0016.1","article-title":"Unsupervised seismic facies classification using deep convolutional autoencoder","volume":"87","author":"Puzyrev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2019.05.029","article-title":"Geological characterization of the Chang\u2019e-4 landing area on the Lunar farside","volume":"333","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1029\/97WR03070","article-title":"Geostatistical analysis of ground-penetrating radar data: A means of describing spatial variation in the subsurface","volume":"34","author":"Rea","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2012.05.008","article-title":"Confirmation of sublunarean voids and thin layering in mare deposits","volume":"69","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","article-title":"Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"issue":"81","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/aog.2020.11","article-title":"Five decades of radioglaciology","volume":"61","author":"Schroeder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hyperfine structure of regolith unveiled by Chang\u2019e-5 Lunar regolith penetrating radar","volume":"60","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b71","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reconstruction of fractional Brownian motion signals from its sparse samples based on compressive sampling","author":"Suksmono","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Hai-Han, Cheng, Weixia, Fan, Zheng, 2022a. Clutter Removal in Ground-Penetrating Radar Images Using Deep Neural Networks. In: 2022 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation. ISAP, pp. 17\u201318.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISAP53582.2022.9998650"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2022.3231215","article-title":"Learning to remove clutter in real-world GPR images using hybrid data","volume":"60","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b74","series-title":"Computer Vision Algorithms and Applications","author":"Szeliski","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL089499","article-title":"Physical and mechanical characteristics of Lunar soil at the Chang\u2019e-4 landing site","volume":"47","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289263","article-title":"Who belongs in the family?","volume":"18","author":"Thorndike","year":"1953","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.09.025","article-title":"The compositional and physical properties of localized Lunar pyroclastic deposits","volume":"283","author":"Trang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b78","series-title":"Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics","first-page":"398","author":"Turcotte","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b79","unstructured":"Wagner, R., Robinson, M., 2019. 3D Modeling of Lunar Pit Walls from Stereo Images. In: Paper Presented At the 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b80","article-title":"Ejecta from the orientale basin at the Chang\u2019e-4 landing site","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20215-y","article-title":"Lunar impact crater identification and age estimation with Chang\u2019e data by deep and transfer learning","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Commun."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6553","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073589","article-title":"The 3-D geological model around Chang\u2019e-3 landing site based on Lunar penetrating radar channel 1 data","volume":"44","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214293","article-title":"Gabor filter-based segmentation of railroad radargrams for improved rail track condition assessment: Preliminary studies and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Zauner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b84","article-title":"Stratigraphy of the Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n crater based on Chang\u2019e-4 Lunar penetrating radar data","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-023-02117-3","article-title":"Buried palaeo-polygonal terrain detected underneath Utopia Planitia on Mars by the Zhurong radar","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b86","series-title":"Feature Engineering for Machine Learning","author":"Zheng","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b87","unstructured":"Zou, Yongliao, Liu, Yang, Jia, Yingzhuo, 2020. Overview of China\u2019s Upcoming Chang\u2019e Series and teh Scientific Objectives and Paylods for Chang\u2019e-7 Mission. In: 51st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.11.005","article-title":"Scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China\u2019s first Mars exploration mission","volume":"67","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."}],"container-title":["Icarus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0019103524001684?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0019103524001684?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T06:21:11Z","timestamp":1721888471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0019103524001684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["S0019103524001684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-1035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-1035","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Automatic segmentation of radar data from the Chang\u2019E-4 mission using unsupervised machine learning: A data-driven interpretation approach","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Icarus","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.icarus.2024.116108","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116108"}}