{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:19:05Z","timestamp":1790086745856,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intensive and Critical Care Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T01:01:24Z","timestamp":1764032484000},"page":"104291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["\u201cWho are they? What does that mean for care?\u201d: An exploratory descriptive study of clinicians\u2019 experiences of caring for patients and family members from culturally diverse backgrounds"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Krishnaswamy","family":"Sundararajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwin","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Hanson-Easey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Campbell","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Phelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Plummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Afzal","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1170-3951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa J","family":"Bloomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0005","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Reporting on the health of culturally and linguistically diverse populations in Australia: An exploratory paper. Cat. no. PHE 308. Canberra, ACT: AIHW; 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0010","series-title":"Australia's population by country of birth","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0015","series-title":"Cultural diversity of Australia","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0020","series-title":"Religious affiliation in Australia","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0025","article-title":"Encounters between multicultural family members and the nurses in the context of intensive care","author":"H\u00f8ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Nurs Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0030","unstructured":"The Oxford Review. Cultural Diversity - Definition and Explanation Charlestown, Nevis: Oxcognia LLC; 2025 [cited 2025 1 Sept]. https:\/\/oxford-review.com\/the-oxford-review-dei-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-dictionary\/cultural-diversity-definition-and-explanation\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2015.08.008","article-title":"The influence of race\/ethnicity and education on family ratings of the quality of dying in the ICU","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain Sympt Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0040","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Social determinants of health among culturally and linguistically diverse people in Australia. Cat no: PHE 339. In: AIHW, editor. Canberra: Australian Government; 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000188","article-title":"Providing palliative care for cardiovascular disease from a perspective of sociocultural diversity: a global view","volume":"10","author":"Davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2025.101198","article-title":"\u201cBecause I couldn't understand and respond\u201d: a mixed-methodstudy examining the impact of language barriers on patient experiences of intensive care unit outreach team care","volume":"38","author":"Power","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014075","article-title":"Mental well-being of patients from ethnic minority groups during critical care: a qualitative ethnographic study","volume":"7","author":"Van Keer","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105103441906","article-title":"Racial differences in the use of cardiac catheterization after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"344","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"New Eng J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.19.2579","article-title":"Inequality in quality: addressing socioeconomic, racial and ethnic disparities in health care","volume":"283","author":"Fiscella","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090168","article-title":"Perspectives and insights of critical care clinicians, patients and families from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds around end-of-life care in an ICU: a scoping review protocol","volume":"14","author":"Sundararajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200703-480OC","article-title":"Racial variation in the incidence, care, and outcomes of severe sepsis: analysis of population, patient, and hospital characteristics","volume":"177","author":"Barnato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10823-017-9333-5","article-title":"The impact of being a migrant from a non-English-speaking country on healthcare outcomes in frail older inpatients: an Australian study","volume":"32","author":"Basic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cross-Cult Geront"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2024.103814","article-title":"Practice recommendations for culturally sensitive communication at the end of life in intensive care: a modified eDelphi study","volume":"86","author":"Brooks","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13097","article-title":"An integrative review of how families are prepared for, and supported during withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment in intensive care","volume":"73","author":"Coombs","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-024-08678-x","article-title":"A quality improvement project to reduce rapid response system inequities for patients with limited English proficiency at a quaternary academic medical center","volume":"39","author":"Raff","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gen Int Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.2022.2150416","article-title":"The role of language barriers on efficacy of rapid response teams","volume":"51","author":"Raff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hosp Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272265","volume":"17","author":"Bayer-Oglesby","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104017","article-title":"Using professional interpreters to overcome language barriers: an imperative in the care of linguistically-diverse patients in critical care","volume":"89","author":"Bloomer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1158-4","article-title":"Conflicts between healthcare professionals and families of a multi-ethnic patient population during critical care: an ethnographic study","volume":"19","author":"Van Keer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7489(02)00089-5","article-title":"Communicating with culturally and linguistically diverse patients in an acute care setting: nurses\u2019 experiences","volume":"40","author":"Cioffi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colegn.2018.09.007","article-title":"Culturally sensitive communication in healthcare: a concept analysis","volume":"26","author":"Brooks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Collegian"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2020.11.004","article-title":"Perceptions of care in patients from culturally and linguistically diverse background during acute and critical illness: a integrative literature review","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"issue":"255\u2013256","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0135","article-title":"Qualitative descriptive research: an acceptable design. Pacific Rim Int","volume":"16","author":"Lambert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nurs Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0145","unstructured":"idcommunity. Welcome to the city of Adelaide Community Profile Collingwood, Australia: .id Informed Decisions; 2025 [https:\/\/profile.id.com.au\/adelaide."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0150","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Adelaide: 2016 census. All person QuickStats. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government; 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0155","unstructured":"NHMRC. National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research. Canberra: NHMRC; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.nhmrc.gov.au\/about-us\/publications\/national-statement-ethical-conduct-human-research-2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinton L, Ryan S. Interviews. In: Pope C, Mays N, editors. Qual Res Health Care. 4th ed: Wiley Blackwell; 2020.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119410867.ch4"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315617444","article-title":"Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power","volume":"26","author":"Malterud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0170","unstructured":"Otter.ai. Otter.ai. 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x","article-title":"The qualitative content analysis process","volume":"62","author":"Elo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2018.07.003","article-title":"Culturally sensitive communication at the end-of-life in the intensive care unit: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Brooks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2009.10.003","article-title":"Multicultural family members\u2019 experiences with nurses and the intensive care context: a hermeneutic study","volume":"26","author":"H\u00f8ye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003232","article-title":"Experience and perspectives on palliative or end-of-life care of chinese people and their families as immigrants to high-income countries: a systematic review and thematic synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Kwok","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.10.018","article-title":"The roles of medical interpreters in intensive care unit communication: a qualitative study","volume":"104","author":"Suarez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pat Educ Couns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2023.04.007","article-title":"A retrospective descriptive study of medical record documentation of how treatment limitations are communicated with family members of patients from culturally diverse backgrounds","volume":"37","author":"Brooks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2019.06.017","article-title":"Challenges in delivering bad news in a multi-ethnic intensive care unit: an ethnographic study","volume":"102","author":"Van Keer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1071\/PY10075","article-title":"Why do we not use trained interpreters for all patients with limited English proficiency? is there a place for using family members?","volume":"17","author":"Gray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust J Primary Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S667","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igz038.2469","article-title":"End-of-life services in tribal communities","volume":"3","author":"Jervis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innov Aging"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1891\/1540-4153.9.4.194","article-title":"Exploring differences in rapid response team (RRT) and code blue occurrence rates within the context of nurse-patient linguistic compatibility","volume":"9","author":"Failano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hispanic Health Care Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2016-001225","article-title":"Health and death literacy and cultural diversity: insights from hospital-employed interpreters","volume":"10","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Suppor Palliat Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003264","article-title":"Why do families reject the diagnosis of brain death, and how should we respond?","volume":"24","author":"Truog","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.12968\/ijpn.2017.23.12.612","article-title":"A holistic view from birth to the end of life: end-of-life doulas and new developments in end-of-life care in the West","volume":"23","author":"Fukuzawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Palliat Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104080","article-title":"Navigating nursing care: being there until the end","volume":"89","author":"Galazzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0245","article-title":"\u201cTime and life is fragile\u201d: an integrative review of nurses\u2019 experiences after patient death in adult critical care","author":"Bloomer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0250","unstructured":"MICE. MICE: Multicultural Care in European Intensive Care Units: Erasmus +; [https:\/\/mice-icu.erasmus.site\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291_b0255","article-title":"Organ donation and transplant: the Islamic perspective","volume":"34","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinic Transplant"}],"container-title":["Intensive and Critical Care Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0964339725003532?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0964339725003532?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T20:34:24Z","timestamp":1778790864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0964339725003532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0964339725003532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-3397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-3397","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u201cWho are they? What does that mean for care?\u201d: An exploratory descriptive study of clinicians\u2019 experiences of caring for patients and family members from culturally diverse backgrounds","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Intensive and Critical Care Nursing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iccn.2025.104291","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104291"}}