{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:12:15Z","timestamp":1786990335720,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann ICRP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Following low dose or low dose-rate exposures to ionising radiation, the principal resulting radiation-related risk is cancer. Site-specific cancer risk models have been developed that describe how the radiation-induced risk of a particular cancer type varies with the relevant tissue-specific absorbed dose of radiation. The degree of risk will also be determined by the radiation quality and the dose-rate, factors that will vary between types of radiation and cancer. Risk models also include a number of intrinsic factors that modify the radiation-related excess risk - sex, age at exposure, time since exposure, and attained age - although not all these factors enter into each site-specific model. Of some importance is how the radiation-related excess risk is transferred between populations when background incidence rates differ. For most cancer types, expert groups consider that the radiation-related excess risk in a population depends, to some extent, upon the background incidence rate, and therefore that radiation interacts with at least some of the major risk factors that determine the background risk for a person. For example, the radiation-induced risk of lung cancer depends on the degree of individual exposure to tobacco smoke, but the implicit assumption of the currently accepted risk transfer models is that interactions are a general feature of radiation-related cancer risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2012.06.036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,22]],"date-time":"2012-08-22T17:26:40Z","timestamp":1345656400000},"page":"98-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Radiation effects: Modulating factors and risk assessment - an overview"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Wakeford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalton Nuclear Institute, The University of Manchester, Pariser Building - G Floor, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-j.icrp.2012.06.036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e3181db29fd"},{"key":"bibr2-j.icrp.2012.06.036","volume-title":"EPA Radiogenic Cancer Risk Models and Projections for the U.S. Population","author":"EPA","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr3-j.icrp.2012.06.036","volume":"21","author":"ICRP","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. 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