{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:29:24Z","timestamp":1792157364585,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":246,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,19]],"date-time":"2010-02-19T09:28:12Z","timestamp":1266571692000},"page":"107-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":210,"title":["Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Emilie","family":"Catherinot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Lanternier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Elisabeth","family":"Bougnoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Lecuit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis-Jean","family":"Couderc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Lortholary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib1","first-page":"658","article-title":"[Sur les rapports des kystes de carinii du poumon des rats avec le Trypanosoma lewisi]","volume":"155","author":"Delanoe","year":"1912","journal-title":"CR Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02595122","article-title":"[Uber die nichtsyphilitische interstitielle pneumoniae des ersten kindersalters]","volume":"302","author":"Ammich","year":"1938","journal-title":"Virchows Arch Pathol Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib3","first-page":"301","article-title":"[Infection par Pneumocystis chez l'homme et chez les animaux]","volume":"22","author":"Van der Meer","year":"1942","journal-title":"Annales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Belge de M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib4","first-page":"120","article-title":"[Parasitaere pneumonie. Interstitielle plasmazellen pneumonie der fruehgeborenen verursacht durch Pneumocytis carinii]","volume":"158","author":"Vanek","year":"1952","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.155.11.1125","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. More patients, same risk","volume":"155","author":"Sepkowitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.3.401","article-title":"Extrapulmonary pneumocystosis","volume":"10","author":"Ng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib7","first-page":"513","volume":"39","author":"Excler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatrie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib8","first-page":"65","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and primary immune deficiency diseases","volume":"43","author":"Walzer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198112103052401","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency","volume":"305","author":"Gottlieb","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198112103052402","article-title":"An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction","volume":"305","author":"Masur","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/148.2.339","article-title":"Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the United States: the first 1,000 cases","volume":"148","author":"Jaffe","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000171727.55553.78","article-title":"Hospitalizations for metabolic conditions, opportunistic infections, and injection drug use among HIV patients: trends between 1996 and 2000 in 12 states","volume":"40","author":"Gebo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1086\/374358","article-title":"Incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated opportunistic diseases and the effect of treatment on a cohort of 1115 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, 1989-1997","volume":"36","author":"San-Andres","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6-7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540510035328","article-title":"Opportunistic infections as causes of death in HIV-infected patients in the HAART era in France","volume":"37","author":"Bonnet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6182","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/334519a0","article-title":"Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi","volume":"334","author":"Edman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(89)90130-6","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii: sequence from ribosomal RNA implies a close relationship with fungi","volume":"68","author":"Stringer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2005.00072.x","article-title":"Pneumocystis and Trypanosoma cruzi: nomenclature and typifications","volume":"53","author":"Redhead","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib18","first-page":"13","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci n. sp. from man: morphology, physiology, and immunology in relation to pathology","volume":"43","author":"Frenkel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.7.2257","article-title":"A comparison of the antigenic characteristics of rat and human Pneumocystis carinii by immunoblotting","volume":"138","author":"Walzer","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.020096","article-title":"A new name (Pneumocystis jiroveci) for Pneumocystis from humans","volume":"8","author":"Stringer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib21","first-page":"97S","article-title":"Phylogeny of Pneumocystis carinii based on beta-tubulin sequence","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1995.tb01536.x","article-title":"Polymorphism of the thymidylate synthase gene of Pneumocystis carinii from different host species","volume":"42","author":"Mazars","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.11.3092-3096.2000","article-title":"Expression and characterization of recombinant human-derived Pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase","volume":"44","author":"Ma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1995.tb01614.x","article-title":"Analysis of genetic diversity at the arom locus in isolates of Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"42","author":"Banerji","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(91)90042-5","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii organisms derived from rat and human hosts are genetically distinct","volume":"45","author":"Sinclair","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.14.3763","article-title":"Sequence and variability of the 5.8s and 26s rRNA genes of Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.38.4.289.300","article-title":"Genetic divergence at the soda locus of six different formae speciales of Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"38","author":"Denis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.3.1.119-127.1996","article-title":"Diversity of host species and strains of Pneumocystis carinii is based on rRNA sequences","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib29","first-page":"71S","article-title":"Pneumocystis cross infection experiments using SCID mice and nude rats as recipient host, showed strong host-species specificity","volume":"41","author":"Aliouat","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.7.2886-2890.1993","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii is not universally transmissible between mammalian species","volume":"61","author":"Gigliotti","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib31","first-page":"113S","article-title":"Experimental inoculation of immunosuppressed owl monkeys with Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis","volume":"46","author":"Beard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00512.x","article-title":"New nomenclature for the genus Pneumocystis","author":"Stringer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1086\/498150","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii: has the name really been changed?","volume":"41","author":"Gigliotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1086\/498158","article-title":"Has the name really been changed? It has for most researchers","volume":"41","author":"Cushion","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1086\/503041","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii nomenclature: response to cushion and stringer","volume":"42","author":"Gigliotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1621","article-title":"Current insights into the biology and pathogenesis of Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"5","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200602-015MS","article-title":"An official ATS workshop summary: recent advances and future directions in Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.40.2.812-815.1983","article-title":"Attachment of Pneumocystis carinii to type I alveolar cells studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy","volume":"40","author":"Yoneda","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib39","first-page":"3080","article-title":"Pneumocystis species","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Walzer","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114451","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii: inhibition of lung cell growth mediated by parasite attachment","volume":"85","author":"Limper","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI659","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity in lung epithelial cells","volume":"101","author":"Limper","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119384","article-title":"The role of alveolar macrophages in Pneumocystis carinii degradation and clearance from the lung","volume":"99","author":"Limper","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6443","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.11.6443","article-title":"Suppression of alveolar macrophage apoptosis prolongs survival of rats and mice with Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"176","author":"Lasbury","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI560","article-title":"Reduced binding and phagocytosis of Pneumocystis carinii by alveolar macrophages from persons infected with HIV-1 correlates with mannose receptor downregulation","volume":"102","author":"Koziel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.23.4.4084","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages from human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons demonstrate impaired oxidative burst response to Pneumocystis carinii in vitro","volume":"23","author":"Koziel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.2_Supplement.116S-a","article-title":"Host defenses against Pneumocystis carinii in mice selectively depleted of CD4+ lymphocytes","volume":"103","author":"Beck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1256","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00079.2006","article-title":"Contribution of T cell subsets to the pathophysiology of Pneumocystis-related immunorestitution disease","volume":"291","author":"Bhagwat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115910","article-title":"Both immunity and hyperresponsiveness to Pneumocystis carinii result from transfer of CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells into severe combined immunodeficiency mice","volume":"90","author":"Roths","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.172.3.937","article-title":"Requirement for CD4+ cells in resistance to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice","volume":"172","author":"Harmsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(96)90044-X","article-title":"Role of CD8+ lymphocytes in host defense against Pneumocystis carinii in mice","volume":"128","author":"Beck","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI6688","article-title":"Immune-mediated inflammation directly impairs pulmonary function, contributing to the pathogenesis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"104","author":"Wright","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb\/5.2.186","article-title":"Inflammatory responses to Pneumocystis carinii in mice selectively depleted of helper T lymphocytes","volume":"5","author":"Beck","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.2.9901019","article-title":"AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the era of adjunctive steroids: implication of BAL neutrophilia","volume":"160","author":"Azoulay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/140.5.1204","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Differences in lung parasite number and inflammation in patients with and without AIDS","volume":"140","author":"Limper","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib55","first-page":"1058","article-title":"Prognostic value of interleukin-8 in AIDS-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"151","author":"Benfield","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5722","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.10.5722-5732.2004","article-title":"Neither neutrophils nor reactive oxygen species contribute to tissue damage during Pneumocystis pneumonia in mice","volume":"72","author":"Swain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.7.1754-1759.1996","article-title":"DNA sequences identical to Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii and Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis in samples of air spora","volume":"34","author":"Wakefield","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05752.x","article-title":"Presence of Pneumocystis carinii DNA in pond water","volume":"44","author":"Casanova-Cardiel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01514-3","article-title":"Update on the epidemiology and transmission of Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"4","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib60","first-page":"116S","article-title":"Detection of DNA sequences identical to Pneumocystis carinii in samples of ambient air","volume":"41","author":"Wakefield","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00974.x","article-title":"High seroprevalence of Pneumocystis infection in Spanish children","volume":"10","author":"Respaldiza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1086\/319340","article-title":"Search for primary infection by Pneumocystis carinii in a cohort of normal, healthy infants","volume":"32","author":"Vargas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060315","article-title":"Primary Pneumocystis infection in infants hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection","volume":"13","author":"Larsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.5.2002065","article-title":"Geographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in San Francisco","volume":"162","author":"Morris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.5.9707101","article-title":"Geographic clustering of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection","volume":"162","author":"Dohn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0603.000306","article-title":"Genetic variation in Pneumocystis carinii isolates from different geographic regions: Implications for transmission","volume":"6","author":"Beard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6480","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.11.6480","article-title":"Delayed inflammatory response to Pneumocystis carinii infection in neonatal mice is due to an inadequate lung environment","volume":"165","author":"Garvy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5406","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.12.5406-5409.1993","article-title":"Latency is not an inevitable outcome of infection with Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.4.2065-2070.2003","article-title":"Exposure of immunocompetent adult mice to Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. muris by cohousing: growth of P. carinii f. sp. muris and host immune response","volume":"71","author":"An","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.7.3852-3856.2003","article-title":"Characterization of transmission of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. muris through immunocompetent BALB\/c mice","volume":"71","author":"Gigliotti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-1092-2","article-title":"Immunocompetent hosts as a reservoir of Pneumocystis organisms: histological and RT-PCR data demonstrate active replication","volume":"23","author":"Chabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549609027173","article-title":"Detection of Pneumocystis carinii DNA by filtration of air","volume":"28","author":"Olsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/147.3.595","article-title":"A natural source of infection due to Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"147","author":"Hughes","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2008.10.027","article-title":"Cluster outbreak of Pneumocystis pneumonia among kidney transplant patients within a single center","volume":"41","author":"Arichi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1086\/513198","article-title":"An outbreak of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia with 1 predominant genotype among renal transplant recipients: interhuman transmission or a common environmental source?","volume":"44","author":"de Boer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/003655401300077324","article-title":"Genotypes of clustered cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"33","author":"Olsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02111870","article-title":"Outbreak of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a renal transplant unit","volume":"14","author":"Hennequin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/10.7.1194","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in renal transplant recipients","volume":"10","author":"Branten","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-82-6-722","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a cluster of eleven cases","volume":"82","author":"Singer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040820","article-title":"Molecular evidence of Pneumocystis transmission in pediatric transplant unit","volume":"11","author":"Hocker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02016-07","article-title":"Molecular evidence of nosocomial Pneumocystis jirovecii transmission among 16 patients after kidney transplantation","volume":"46","author":"Schmoldt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1010.040453","article-title":"Molecular evidence of interhuman transmission of Pneumocystis pneumonia among renal transplant recipients hospitalized with HIV-infected patients","volume":"10","author":"Rabodonirina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01789.x","article-title":"Dynamic colonisation by different Pneumocystis jirovecii genotypes in cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"13","author":"Montes-Cano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1086\/523814","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical significance of Pneumocystis colonization","volume":"197","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05760.x","article-title":"High frequency of Pneumocystis carinii sp.f. hominis colonization in HIV-negative patients","volume":"44","author":"Nevez","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00651.x","article-title":"Pneumocystis colonization in HIV-infected patients","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1086\/368165","article-title":"Limited asymptomatic carriage of Pneumocystis jiroveci in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"187","author":"Wakefield","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.11.2748-2751.1997","article-title":"Rapid detection of Pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: use of a simple DNA extraction procedure and nested PCR","volume":"35","author":"Rabodonirina","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200403260-00011","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical predictors of Pneumocystis colonization among HIV-infected men","volume":"18","author":"Morris","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.10.3409-3410.1999","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii carriage in immunocompetent patients with primary pulmonary disorders as detected by single or nested PCR","volume":"37","author":"Sing","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2717-2718.2001","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii carriage among cystic fibrosis patients, as detected by nested PCR","volume":"39","author":"Sing","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00668.x","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii carriage in Portuguese immunocompetent patients: preliminary results","volume":"50","author":"Matos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960000329","article-title":"Detection of Pneumocystis carinii DNA in patients with chronic lung diseases","volume":"19","author":"Probst","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200401-094OC","article-title":"Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity and Pneumocystis colonization","volume":"170","author":"Morris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1086\/518989","article-title":"Systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are colonized with Pneumocystis jiroveci","volume":"45","author":"Calderon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01337.x","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii colonisation in patients with interstitial lung disease","volume":"12","author":"Vidal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2004.07.010","article-title":"Increased risk of Pneumocystis carinii and community-acquired pneumonia with tobacco use in HIV disease","volume":"9","author":"Miguez-Burbano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/1355621031000069864","article-title":"Impact of tobacco use on the development of opportunistic respiratory infections in HIV seropositive patients on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"8","author":"Miguez-Burbano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1086\/313478","article-title":"Pulmonary colonization with Pneumocystis carinii in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients: assessing risk with blood CD4+ T cell counts","volume":"29","author":"Nevez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.7.594","article-title":"Asymptomatic carriage of Pneumocystis jiroveci in subjects undergoing bronchoscopy: a prospective study","volume":"58","author":"Maskell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0905.020660","article-title":"Pregnancy and asymptomatic carriage of Pneumocystis jiroveci","volume":"9","author":"Vargas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00479.x","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii detection using nested-PCR in nasopharyngeal aspirates of immunocompetent infants with bronchiolitis","author":"Nevez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00678.x","article-title":"Immunocompetent infants as a human reservoir for Pneumocystis jirovecii: rapid screening by non-invasive sampling and real-time PCR at the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene","volume":"50","author":"Totet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000247071.40739.fd","article-title":"Pneumocystis is not a direct cause of sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Vargas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1501.080242","article-title":"Vertical transmission of Pneumocystis jirovecii in humans","volume":"15","author":"Montes-Cano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.11.3877-3882.2001","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis DNA in immunocompetent health care workers in contact with patients with P. carinii pneumonia","volume":"39","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1536-1538.2000","article-title":"Transmission of Pneumocystis carinii DNA from a patient with P. carinii pneumonia to immunocompetent contact health care workers","volume":"38","author":"Vargas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.5.422","article-title":"Transmission of Pneumocystis carinii from patients to hospital staff","volume":"52","author":"Lundgren","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20519","article-title":"Prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease based on the detection of Pneumocystis colonization","volume":"14","author":"Wissmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s10165-008-0037-0","article-title":"Asymptomatic carriage of Pneumocystis jiroveci in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Japan: a possible association between colonization and development of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia during low-dose MTX therapy","volume":"18","author":"Mori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00165-08","article-title":"Pneumocystis murina infection and cigarette smoke exposure interact to cause increased organism burden, development of airspace enlargement, and pulmonary inflammation in mice","volume":"76","author":"Christensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:36:1:175","article-title":"Pneumocystis colonization, airway inflammation, and pulmonary function decline in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Norris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1086\/313521","article-title":"Association of primary Pneumocystis carinii infection and sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Vargas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-3-223","article-title":"CD4 counts as predictors of opportunistic pneumonias in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection","volume":"111","author":"Masur","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199001183220304","article-title":"The risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Group","volume":"322","author":"Phair","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32826fb6fc","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis is not required with a CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells\/microl when viral replication is suppressed","volume":"21","author":"D'Egidio","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.880","article-title":"Evolving health effects of Pneumocystis: one hundred years of progress in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"301","author":"Kovacs","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1086\/526778","article-title":"Early predictors of mortality from Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: 1985\u20132006","volume":"46","author":"Walzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib119","first-page":"386","article-title":"[Surveillance de l'infection par le VIH\/SIDA en France, 2006]","volume":"46\u201347","author":"Pillonel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull \u00c9pid\u00e9miol Hebd"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.06.014","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia\u2014a retrospective study 1991\u20132001 in Gothenburg, Sweden","volume":"53","author":"Mikaelsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45893-0","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Hong Kong: a 10 year retrospective study","volume":"55","author":"Hui","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.155.22.2436","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without AIDS, 1980 through 1993. An analysis of 78 cases","volume":"155","author":"Arend","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200101000-00009","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without HIV infection","volume":"321","author":"Russian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540601150497","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) in HIV-1-negative patients: a retrospective study 2002-2004","volume":"39","author":"Overgaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.267.6.832","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among patients without AIDS at a cancer hospital","volume":"267","author":"Sepkowitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80967-5","article-title":"Prevalence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in severe combined immunodeficiency","volume":"99","author":"Leggiadro","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(73)80114-3","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and primary immune deficiency diseases of infancy and childhood","volume":"82","author":"Walzer","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70123-9","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome","volume":"131","author":"Levy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000100046.06009.b0","article-title":"The X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome: clinical and immunologic features of 79 patients","volume":"82","author":"Winkelstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-05-1480","article-title":"Clinical course of patients with wasp gene mutations","volume":"103","author":"Imai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-960X(96)90008-9","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex class II deficiency: a clinical review","volume":"10","author":"Elhasid","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib132","first-page":"102","article-title":"Recurrent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a child with hypogammaglobulinemia","volume":"125","author":"Richman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-003-1200-4","article-title":"X-linked agammaglobulinaemia and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia\u2014an unusual coincidence?","volume":"162","author":"Dittrich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197301000-00002","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii infection","volume":"52","author":"Burke","year":"1973","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6147","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.10.6147","article-title":"B cells are required for generation of protective effector and memory CD4 cells in response to Pneumocystis lung infection","volume":"176","author":"Lund","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(98)70363-X","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an infant with X-linked agammaglobulinemia","volume":"101","author":"Alibrahim","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.69.1.133b","article-title":"Chronic granulomatous disease and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"69","author":"Adinoff","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.02.001","article-title":"Phagocyte immunodeficiencies and their infections","volume":"113","author":"Rosenszweig","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-100-5-663","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a comparison between patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and patients with other immunodeficiencies","volume":"100","author":"Kovacs","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4065\/71.1.5","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy","volume":"71","author":"Yale","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2002.03419.x","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with malignant haematological diseases: 10 years' experience of infection in gimema centres","volume":"117","author":"Pagano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1995.13.9.2431","article-title":"Infectious and immunosuppressive complications of purine analog therapy","volume":"13","author":"Cheson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830490207","article-title":"Opportunistic pulmonary infections with fludarabine in previously treated patients with low-grade lymphoid malignancies: a role for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis","volume":"49","author":"Byrd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00282-999-0145-0","article-title":"Infectious complications in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","volume":"41","author":"Morra","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hematol Cell Ther"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410021180","article-title":"Risk factors analysis for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) in patients with haematological malignancies and pneumonia","volume":"36","author":"Roblot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0761-8425(07)91148-1","volume":"24","author":"De Castro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Mal Respir"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1086\/504811","article-title":"Infectious complications associated with alemtuzumab use for lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"43","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-01-0159","article-title":"Phase II trial of subcutaneous anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) as first-line treatment for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL)","volume":"100","author":"Lundin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200702000-00014","article-title":"Granulomatous Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a literature review and hypothesis on pathogenesis","volume":"333","author":"Otahbachi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.1.1.84","article-title":"Update on prophylaxis and therapy of infection in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"1","author":"Morrison","year":"2001","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.10564","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in B-cell lymphoma patients treated with the rituximab-CHOEP-14 regimen","volume":"92","author":"Kolstad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2007.00994.x","article-title":"Three cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) during first-line treatment with rituximab in combination with CHOP-14 for aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma","volume":"80","author":"Venhuizen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-7372(93)90011-F","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in cancer patients","volume":"19","author":"Varthalitis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530160074017","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with primary brain tumors","volume":"48","author":"Henson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1086\/514542","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer","volume":"25","author":"Kulke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib156","first-page":"246","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the course of connective tissue disease: report of 34 cases","volume":"21","author":"Godeau","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib157","first-page":"795","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a major complication of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis","volume":"151","author":"Ognibene","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib158","first-page":"1186","article-title":"Risk factors for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with polymyositis\/dermatomyositis or systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"23","author":"Kadoya","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2006.09.007","article-title":"Infections in systemic connective tissue diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and polymyositis\/dermatomyositis","volume":"20","author":"Alarcon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2008.09.021","article-title":"[Infections au cours des polymyosites et des dermatomyosites]","volume":"38","author":"Marie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.157.13.1501","article-title":"Fulminant Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 4 patients with dermatomyositis","volume":"157","author":"Bachelez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199208133270714","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during cyclosporine therapy for ulcerative colitis","volume":"327","author":"Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib163","first-page":"574","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with steroids","volume":"88","author":"Bernstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9250-x","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia after infliximab therapy: a review of 84 cases","volume":"52","author":"Kaur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24283","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab: a retrospective review and case-control study of 21 patients","volume":"61","author":"Komano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1086\/515126","article-title":"Should prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients ever be discontinued?","volume":"28","author":"Gordon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.2.143","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in renal-transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine and steroids","volume":"149","author":"Hardy","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199608150-00022","article-title":"Incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after renal transplantation. Impact of immunosuppression","volume":"62","author":"Lufft","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199508000-00003","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadaveric renal allograft recipients. U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group","volume":"60","author":"Sollinger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200010270-00021","article-title":"Conversion to rapamycin immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients: report of an initial experience","volume":"70","author":"Dominguez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3062.2003.00018.x","article-title":"Risk factors for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients: a case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Radisic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.6.920","article-title":"Rejection treatment and cytomegalovirus infection as risk factors for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in renal transplant recipients","volume":"22","author":"Arend","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181aad256","article-title":"Analysis of USRDS: incidence and risk factors for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia","volume":"88","author":"Neff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6135.2005.00833.x","article-title":"Immunosuppression: evolution in practice and trends, 1993-2003","volume":"5","author":"Shapiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1086\/597089","article-title":"Infectious complications of antilymphocyte therapies in solid organ transplantation","volume":"48","author":"Issa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V76.1.235.235","article-title":"T-cell-depleted autologous bone marrow transplantation therapy: analysis of immune deficiency and late complications","volume":"76","author":"Anderson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib177","first-page":"267","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis following bone marrow transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Tuan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705149","article-title":"Occurrence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a 6-year retrospective study","volume":"36","author":"De Castro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199302113280604","article-title":"Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia\u2014four patients with opportunistic infections and no evidence of HIV infection","volume":"328","author":"Duncan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200103000-00005","article-title":"Infections in patients with immunodeficiency with thymoma (good syndrome). Report of 5 cases and review of the literature","volume":"80","author":"Tarr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410017608","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient without a predisposing illness: case report and review","volume":"36","author":"Al Soub","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib182","first-page":"461","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii infections in mothers, infants and non-AIDS elderly adults","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Hughes","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-101-3-334","article-title":"Opportunistic infections in endogenous Cushing's syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Graham","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950180303","article-title":"Legionella and Pneumocystis pneumonias in asthmatic children on high doses of systemic steroids","volume":"18","author":"Abernathy-Carver","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib185","first-page":"215","article-title":"Life-threatening Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia following treatment of severe Cushing's syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Oosterhuis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-80-1-83","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the United States. Epidemiologic, diagnostic, and clinical features","volume":"80","author":"Walzer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-6-455","article-title":"Pneumothorax in AIDS","volume":"114","author":"Sepkowitz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199711000-00004","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii infection in heart transplant recipients. Efficacy of a weekend prophylaxis schedule","volume":"76","author":"Munoz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.172.5.10227507","article-title":"The changing face of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients","volume":"172","author":"Boiselle","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.152.7.1390","article-title":"Atypical roentgenographic manifestations of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"152","author":"Kennedy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-10-750","article-title":"Aerosolized pentamidine: effect on diagnosis and presentation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"112","author":"Jules-Elysee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032588","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"350","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib193","first-page":"226","article-title":"Sputum examination for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"133","author":"Pitchenik","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.95.1.136","article-title":"Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by induced sputum in a city with moderate incidence of AIDS","volume":"95","author":"O'Brien","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198803103181001","article-title":"Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: improved detection in sputum with use of monoclonal antibodies","volume":"318","author":"Kovacs","year":"1988","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2008.01457.x","article-title":"Real-time PCR is more specific than conventional PCR for induced sputum diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised patients without HIV infection","volume":"14","author":"Fujisawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.4.830-835.1997","article-title":"PCR detection of Pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens: analysis of sensitivity and specificity","volume":"35","author":"Ribes","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45528-0","article-title":"Comparison between real-time PCR, conventional PCR and different staining techniques for diagnosing Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia from bronchoalveolar lavage specimens","volume":"53","author":"Flori","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-1309","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosing Pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates","volume":"135","author":"Azoulay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-105-1-37","article-title":"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective randomized trial","volume":"105","author":"Wharton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-109-4-280","article-title":"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective, noncrossover study","volume":"109","author":"Sattler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199203000-00007","article-title":"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients: results of a large prospective randomized treatment trial","volume":"6","author":"Klein","year":"1992","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.5.854","article-title":"A 5-year retrospective review of adverse drug reactions and their risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who were receiving intravenous pentamidine therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"O'Brien","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-9-199605010-00003","volume":"124","author":"Safrin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.2.178","article-title":"Clindamycin\/primaquine versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS: a randomized, double-blind pilot trial","volume":"17","author":"Toma","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-105-1-45","article-title":"Dapsone-trimethoprim for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Leoung","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-3-199408010-00003","article-title":"Oral atovaquone compared with intravenous pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. Atovaquone Study Group","volume":"121","author":"Dohn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200101260-00010","article-title":"Atovaquone suspension for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients","volume":"15","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib209","first-page":"996","article-title":"Caspofungin as salvage treatment of severe Pneumocystis pneumonia: case report and literature review","volume":"122","author":"Mu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01530.x","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis treated efficiently with caspofungin","volume":"51","author":"Hof","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000280546.91617.6c","article-title":"Efficacy of caspofungin addition to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment for severe Pneumocystis pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"84","author":"Utili","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31816de84d","article-title":"Second-line salvage treatment of AIDS-associated Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a case series and systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Benfield","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"8646","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92446-X","article-title":"Clindamycin with primaquine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"1","author":"Toma","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.1.183","article-title":"Salvage therapy with clindamycin\/primaquine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"14","author":"Noskin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9281","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05705-1","article-title":"Effect of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of P carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV-1: a prospective study","volume":"358","author":"Navin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000168974.67090.70","article-title":"Severity and outcome of HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia containing Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations","volume":"19","author":"Crothers","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1086\/318835","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii cytochrome b mutations are associated with atovaquone exposure in patients with AIDS","volume":"183","author":"Kazanjian","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006150","article-title":"Adjunctive corticosteroids for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV-infection","author":"Briel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011223232104","article-title":"A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. California Collaborative Treatment Group","volume":"323","author":"Bozzette","year":"1990","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.5.1215","article-title":"Use of adjunctive corticosteroids in severe adult non-HIV Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"113","author":"Pareja","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1086\/598651","article-title":"Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: retrospective study of 31 patients","volume":"29","author":"Delclaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.3.704","article-title":"Management and outcome patterns for adult Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1985 to 1995: comparison of HIV-associated cases to other immunocompromised states","volume":"118","author":"Mansharamani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1995.tb139873.x","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-negative immunocompromised adults","volume":"162","author":"Gerrard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0758-5","article-title":"Analysis of underlying diseases and prognosis factors associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised HIV-negative patients","volume":"21","author":"Roblot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(03)00038-0","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a descriptive study","volume":"47","author":"Roblot","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0223","article-title":"Clinical picture of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in cancer patients","volume":"132","author":"Bollee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-5_Part_2-200209031-00002","article-title":"Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons\u20142002. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"137","author":"Masur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.4065\/82.9.1052","article-title":"Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised non-HIV-infected patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"82","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1086\/321805","article-title":"Summary of the guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients","volume":"33","author":"Dykewicz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1086\/323129","article-title":"Prevention of infection caused by Pneumocystis carinii in transplant recipients","volume":"33","author":"Fishman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2008.00318.x","article-title":"Absence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in liver transplantation recipients receiving short-term (3-month) prophylaxis","volume":"10","author":"Trotter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"issue":"S4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib232","first-page":"36","article-title":"EBPG Expert Group on Renal Transplantation. European best practice guidelines for renal transplantation. Section IV: long-term management of the transplant recipient. IV.7.1. Late infections. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"17","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.54.12.991","article-title":"Factors associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Wegener's granulomatosis","volume":"54","author":"Godeau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503163321101","article-title":"A randomized trial of three anti-Pneumocystis agents in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Niaid AIDS clinical trials group","volume":"332","author":"Bozzette","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199706010-00002","article-title":"Meta-analysis of prophylactic treatments against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasma encephalitis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"15","author":"Bucher","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.9.1705","article-title":"Use of low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole thrice weekly for primary and secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"35","author":"Stein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212243272603","article-title":"A controlled trial of aerosolized pentamidine or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Dutch AIDS treatment group","volume":"327","author":"Schneider","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199512000-00007","article-title":"Aerosolized pentamidine, cotrimoxazole and dapsone-pyrimethamine for primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis","volume":"9","author":"Antinori","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104183241602","article-title":"A controlled study of inhaled pentamidine for primary prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"324","author":"Hirschel","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.2.342","article-title":"Decreased efficacy of inhaled pentamidine in the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among HIV-infected patients with severe immunodeficiency","volume":"103","author":"Casale","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1086\/382957","article-title":"Increase in prevalence of Pneumocystis carinii mutations in patients with AIDS and P. carinii pneumonia, in the United States and china","volume":"189","author":"Kazanjian","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199808000-00009","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii mutations associated with sulfa and sulfone prophylaxis failures in AIDS patients","volume":"12","author":"Kazanjian","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.9.3161-3164.2000","article-title":"Relationship between mutations in dihydropteroate synthase of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis isolates in Japan and resistance to sulfonamide therapy","volume":"38","author":"Takahashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9116","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)77687-X","article-title":"Failure of co-trimoxazole in Pneumocystis carinii infection and mutations in dihydropteroate synthase gene","volume":"351","author":"Mei","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1086\/315148","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase but not dihydrofolate reductase gene mutations correlate with prior trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or dapsone use","volume":"180","author":"Ma","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4301","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.11.4301-4305.2004","article-title":"Mutations of Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydrofolate reductase associated with failure of prophylaxis","volume":"48","author":"Nahimana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891552009000828?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891552009000828?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T09:32:20Z","timestamp":1685439140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891552009000828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"references-count":246,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0891552009000828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-5520"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-5520","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}}}