{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:13:33Z","timestamp":1790745213449,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T02:50:12Z","timestamp":1548989412000},"page":"61-77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Human African Trypanosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Bottieau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Clerinx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10110","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31510-6","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"390","author":"B\u00fcscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00834-X","article-title":"The challenge of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness diagnosis outside Africa","volume":"3","author":"Lejon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.160133","article-title":"Congenital trypanosomiasis in child born in France to African mother","volume":"22","author":"Lestrade-Carluer de Kyvon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005642","article-title":"Vertical transmission of human African trypanosomiasis: clinical evolution and brain MRI of a mother and her son","volume":"11","author":"Gaillot","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib5","first-page":"257","article-title":"Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"6","author":"Franco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-9-57","article-title":"The atlas of human African trypanosomiasis: a contribution to global mapping of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"9","author":"Simarro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005585","article-title":"Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: update to 2014","volume":"11","author":"Franco","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005454","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis control: achievements and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Aksoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008","article-title":"Do cryptic reservoirs threaten gambiense-sleeping sickness elimination?","volume":"34","author":"B\u00fcscher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088647","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis among patients from nonendemic countries - 1902-2012","volume":"9","author":"Neuberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.03.018","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis: a review of non-endemic cases in the past 20 years","volume":"15","author":"Migchelsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2307.170695","article-title":"Case of Nigeria-acquired human African trypanosomiasis in United Kingdom, 2016","volume":"23","author":"Luintel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005324","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in a Spanish traveler returning from Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"G\u00f3mez-Junyent","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1604333","article-title":"African trypanosomiasis","volume":"375","author":"Streit","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.171583","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in emigrant returning to China from Gabon, 2017","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0432-5","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in a Chinese traveler returning from the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2011.00576.x","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in non-endemic countries (2000-2010)","volume":"19","author":"Simarro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Travel Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.10.20111-en","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in a Belgian traveller returning from the Masai Mara area, Kenya, February 2012","volume":"17","author":"Clerinx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.10.20114-en","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in a German traveller returning from the Masai Mara area, Kenya, January 2012","volume":"17","author":"Wolf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.10.20109-en","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in travellers to Kenya","volume":"17","author":"Gobbi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0512","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in a traveler: diagnostic pitfalls","volume":"87","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1802.111479","article-title":"Multiorgan dysfunction caused by travel-associated African trypanosomiasis","volume":"18","author":"Cottle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-111","article-title":"Outcome of acute East African trypanosomiasis in a Polish traveller treated with pentamidine","volume":"14","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874416637403","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis encephalitis in the United States","volume":"6","author":"Denny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003349","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis presenting at least 29 years after infection\u2014what can this teach us about the pathogenesis and control of this neglected tropical disease?","volume":"8","author":"Sudarshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-6-201303190-00005","article-title":"GeoSentinel surveillance of illness in returned travelers, 2007-2011","volume":"158","author":"Leder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"984","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-16","article-title":"Estimates of the duration of the early and late stage of gambiense sleeping sickness","volume":"8","author":"Checchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib29","first-page":"427","article-title":"Les diff\u00e9rents tableaux cliniques actuels de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine \u00e0 T. b. gambiense. Analyse de 300 dossiers du foyer de Daloa, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"81","author":"Boa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.12.002","article-title":"Clinical presentation and treatment outcome of sleeping sickness in Sudanese pre-school children","volume":"101","author":"Eperon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.08.001","article-title":"Clinical aspects of 2541 patients with second stage human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"97","author":"Blum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70296-X","article-title":"Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)","volume":"12","author":"Kennedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1244-3","article-title":"Updated estimate of the duration of the meningo-encephalitic stage in gambiense human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"8","author":"Checchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01948.x","article-title":"Sleeping hearts: the role of the heart in sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis)","volume":"12","author":"Blum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.07.004","article-title":"Sleeping glands? The role of endocrine disorders in sleeping sickness (T.b. gambiense human African typanosomiasis)","volume":"104","author":"Blum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001358","article-title":"Sleeping sickness in travelers\u2014do they really sleep?","volume":"5","author":"Urech","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118370","article-title":"Clinical profiles, disease outcome and co-morbidities among T.b. rhodesiense sleeping sickness patients in Uganda","volume":"10","author":"Kato","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e906","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000906","article-title":"Focus-specific clinical profiles in human African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense","volume":"4","author":"MacLean","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e968","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000968","article-title":"Clinical presentation of T.b. rhodesiense sleeping sickness in second-stage patients from Tanzania and Uganda","volume":"5","author":"Kuepfer","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.36.19327-en","article-title":"Imported human African trypanosomiasis in Europe, 2005-2009","volume":"14","author":"Gautret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12102","article-title":"Stage determination in sleeping sickness: comparison of two cell counting and two parasite detection techniques","volume":"18","author":"Mumba Ngoyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1086\/374645","article-title":"Intrathecal immune response pattern for improved diagnosis of central nervous system involvement in trypanosomiasis","volume":"187","author":"Lejon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40909","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040909","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin as marker of the meningo-encephalitic stage of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness","volume":"7","author":"Tiberti","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2001-1326-2-1","article-title":"New biomarkers for stage determination in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness patients","volume":"2","author":"Tiberti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.1.133-146.2005","article-title":"Options for field diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"18","author":"Chappuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001919","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis diagnosis in first-line health services of endemic countries, a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Mitashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70077-3","article-title":"Molecular diagnostics for sleeping sickness: what is the benefit for the patient?","volume":"10","author":"Deborggraeve","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2954","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002954","article-title":"Performance of parasitological and molecular techniques for the diagnosis and surveillance of gambiense sleeping sickness","volume":"8","author":"Mumba Ngoyi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2014.02.006","article-title":"Diagnosis of trypanosomatid infections: targeting the spliced leader RNA","volume":"16","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Andrade","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Mol Diagn"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70004-5","article-title":"Rapid diagnostic tests for neurological infections in central Africa","volume":"13","author":"Yansouni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1210373","article-title":"Rapid diagnostic test for sleeping sickness","volume":"368","author":"Buscher","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70203-7","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of HAT Sero-K-SeT, a rapid diagnostic test for serodiagnosis of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a case-control study","volume":"2","author":"B\u00fcscher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.10.032","article-title":"A\u00a0phase III diagnostic accuracy study of a rapid diagnostic test for diagnosis of second-stage human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"27","author":"Boelaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004608","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of a prototype rapid diagnostic test for the detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection: a multi-centric prospective study","volume":"10","author":"Bisser","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006386","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection developed using recombinant antigens","volume":"12","author":"Lumbala","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773213Y.0000000105","article-title":"A\u00a0current analysis of chemotherapy strategies for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"107","author":"Babokhov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004362","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and dose of pafuramidine, a new oral drug for treatment of first stage sleeping sickness, in a phase 2a clinical study and phase 2b randomized clinical studies","volume":"10","author":"Burri","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004363","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of pafuramidine versus pentamidine maleate for treatment of first stage sleeping sickness in a randomized, comparator-controlled, international phase 3 clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Pohlig","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00710.x","article-title":"Clinical description of encephalopathic syndromes and risk factors for their occurrence and outcome during melarsoprol treatment of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"6","author":"Blum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"8649","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92340-4","article-title":"Trial of prednisolone for prevention of melarsoprol-induced encephalopathy in gambiense sleeping sickness","volume":"1","author":"Pepin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.071266","article-title":"High failure rates of melarsoprol for sleeping sickness, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"14","author":"Robays","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003212","article-title":"Melarsoprol sensitivity profile of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense isolates from cured and relapsed sleeping sickness patients from the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"8","author":"Pyana Pati","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92180-N","article-title":"Efficacy and toxicity of eflornithine for treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness","volume":"340","author":"Milord","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1086\/432576","article-title":"Eflornithine is safer than melarsoprol for the treatment of second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"41","author":"Chappuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib65","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Short-course eflornithine in Gambian trypanosomiasis: a multicentre randomized controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"P\u00e9pin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"9683","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61117-X","article-title":"Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a multicentre, randomised, phase III, non-inferiority trial","volume":"374","author":"Priotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1920","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001920","article-title":"In-hospital safety in field conditions of nifurtimox eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) for T.\u00a0b. gambiense sleeping sickness","volume":"6","author":"Schmid","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis886","article-title":"Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res experience in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"56","author":"Alirol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32758-7","article-title":"Oral fexinidazole for late-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a pivotal multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial","volume":"391","author":"Mesu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001151","article-title":"Scyx-7158, an orally-active benzoxaborole for the treatment of stage 2 human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"5","author":"Jacobs","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10116","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30019-9","article-title":"Oral fexinidazole for human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"391","author":"Chappuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1086\/649917","article-title":"How to shorten patient follow-up after treatment for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness","volume":"201","author":"Mumba Ngoyi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1086\/588668","article-title":"Novel markers for treatment outcome in late-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis","volume":"47","author":"Lejon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002088","article-title":"Neopterin is a cerebrospinal fluid marker for treatment outcome evaluation in patients affected by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness","volume":"7","author":"Tiberti","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv337","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei gambiense spliced leader RNA is a more specific marker for cure of human African trypanosomiasis than T.\u00a0b. gambiense DNA","volume":"212","author":"Ilboudo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000972","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of PCR in gambiense sleeping sickness diagnosis, staging and post-treatment follow-up: a 2-year longitudinal study","volume":"5","author":"Deborggraeve","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)91087-2","article-title":"Treatment of late stage rhodesiense trypanosomiasis using suramin and eflornithine: report of six cases","volume":"92","author":"Clerinx","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1695","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001695","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the 10-day melarsoprol schedule for the treatment of second stage rhodesiense sleeping sickness","volume":"6","author":"Kuepfer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5602","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00246-11","article-title":"Antitrypanosomal activity of fexinidazole, a new oral nitroimidazole drug candidate for treatment of sleeping sickness","volume":"55","author":"Kaiser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891552018300904?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891552018300904?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:17:16Z","timestamp":1760195836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891552018300904"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0891552018300904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-5520"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-5520","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Human African Trypanosomiasis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}