{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:40:07Z","timestamp":1780472407621,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T18:40:43Z","timestamp":1663267243000},"page":"541-551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Early Disseminated Lyme Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Tyler","family":"Crissinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.1.47","article-title":"The triad of neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease: meningitis, cranial neuritis, and radiculoneuritis","volume":"35","author":"Pachner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.5.957","article-title":"Characterization of Lyme meningitis and comparison with viral meningitis in children","volume":"103","author":"Eppes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib3","series-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology. Neurologic aspects of systemic disease part III","first-page":"1473","article-title":"Nervous system Lyme disease","volume":"121","author":"Halperin","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000645","article-title":"Neuroborreliosis Neurosyphilis","volume":"24","author":"Halperin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib5","first-page":"751","article-title":"Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"115","author":"Rauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"6, Infectious Disease","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib6","first-page":"1338","article-title":"Lyme disease: a multisystem infection that affects the nervous system","volume":"18","author":"Halperin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2018.06.006","article-title":"Neuroborreliosis","volume":"36","author":"Halperin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011151","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, American Academy of Neurology, and American College of Rheumatology: 2020 guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of lyme disease","volume":"96","author":"Lantos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.6.1053","article-title":"Neurologic Manifestations in Children with Lyme Disease","volume":"96","author":"Bingham","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1215","article-title":"Validation of a clinical prediction rule to distinguish Lyme meningitis from aseptic meningitis","volume":"129","author":"Cohn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20171975","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1975","article-title":"Accuracy of Clinician Suspicion of Lyme Disease in the Emergency Department","volume":"140","author":"Nigrovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1041","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1041","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis: diagnosis and management","volume":"369","author":"Kullberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200306123482423","article-title":"The presenting manifestations of Lyme disease and the outcomes of treatment","volume":"348","author":"Steere","year":"2003","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10451","article-title":"Facial nerve palsy associated with Lyme disease","volume":"28","author":"Halperin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e160","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819000438","article-title":"Incidence and characteristics of Lyme neuroborreliosis in adult patients with facial palsy in an endemic area in the Netherlands","volume":"147","author":"Bierman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"21\u201322","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-014-0685-3","article-title":"Peripheral facial palsy as an initial symptom of Lyme neuroborreliosis in an Austrian endemic area","volume":"128","author":"Kindler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix568","article-title":"Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of Lyme Neuroborreliosis in a High Endemic Area, 1995\u20132014: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Denmark","volume":"65","author":"Knudtzen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318191f035","article-title":"Prediction of Lyme Meningitis based on a logistic regression model using clinical and cerebrospinal fluid analysis: a European study","volume":"28","author":"Tuerlinckx","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"issue":"pt 4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.4.1207","article-title":"Lyme neuroborreliosis. Peripheral nervous system manifestations","volume":"113","author":"Halperin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197907000-00001","article-title":"Neurologic abnormalities of Lyme disease","volume":"58","author":"Reik","year":"1979","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10337","article-title":"Lyme disease and the peripheral nervous system","volume":"28","author":"Halperin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofx276","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx276","article-title":"An Unusual Cluster of Neuroinvasive Lyme Disease Cases Presenting With Bannwarth Syndrome in the Midwest United States","volume":"5","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib23","first-page":"935","article-title":"Antibiotic responsive demyelinating neuropathy related to Lyme disease","volume":"74","author":"Muley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw299","article-title":"Course and Outcome of Early European Lyme Neuroborreliosis (Bannwarth Syndrome): Clinical and Laboratory Findings","volume":"63","author":"Ogrinc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.6.1203","article-title":"Evaluation of the intrathecal antibody response to Borrelia burgdorferi as a diagnostic test for Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"161","author":"Steere","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.10.1571","article-title":"Central nervous system abnormalities in Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"41","author":"Halperin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262098","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of Lyme disease: review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Dumler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Diag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000172903.14077.4c","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of Borrelia burgdorferi cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction in children with Lyme meningitis","volume":"24","author":"Avery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00410-08","article-title":"Validation of cultivation and PCR methods for diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"46","author":"Cerar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy019","article-title":"Neuroimmunomodulators in neuroborreliosis and Lyme encephalopathy","volume":"67","author":"Eckman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318211c39a","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study on the role of CXCL13 in Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"76","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00353-13","article-title":"Diagnostic value of cytokines and chemokines in Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"20","author":"Cerar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Vaccin Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4814","DOI":"10.1021\/pr300577p","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid proteome of patients with acute Lyme disease","volume":"11","author":"Angel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Proteome Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0646-x","article-title":"Imaging in Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"9","author":"Lindland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12420","article-title":"Oral doxycycline for Lyme neuroborreliosis with symptoms of encephalitis, myelitis, vasculitis or intracranial hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Bremell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.7.1203","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous penicillin G and oral doxycycline for treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"44","author":"Karlsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000265517.66976.28","article-title":"Practice parameter: treatment of nervous system Lyme disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"69","author":"Halperin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26273","article-title":"Steroid use in Lyme disease-associated facial palsy is associated with worse long-term outcomes","volume":"127","author":"Jowett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab370","article-title":"Adjunctive Corticosteroids for Lyme Neuroborreliosis Peripheral Facial Palsy-A Prospective Study With Historical Controls","volume":"73","author":"Avellan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11060758","article-title":"Lyme Neuroborreliosis in Children","volume":"11","author":"Kozak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922806290026","article-title":"Absence of tooth staining with doxycycline treatment in young children","volume":"46","author":"Volovitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx245","article-title":"Dental staining after doxycycline use in children","volume":"72","author":"P\u00f6yh\u00f6nen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25389","article-title":"Lyme neuroborreliosis: clinical outcomes, controversy, pathogenesis, and polymicrobial infections","volume":"85","author":"Garcia-Monco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k1998","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1998","article-title":"Long term survival, health, social functioning, and education in patients with European Lyme neuroborreliosis: nationwide population based cohort study","volume":"361","author":"Obel","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.5.609","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of persons with Lyme disease","volume":"283","author":"Seltzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw189","article-title":"Long-term Follow-up of Patients with Lyme Disease: Longitudinal Analysis of Clinical and Quality-of-life Measures","volume":"62","author":"Wills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891552022000277?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891552022000277?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:29:12Z","timestamp":1760196552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891552022000277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0891552022000277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-5520"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-5520","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Early Disseminated Lyme Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2022.02.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}