{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T05:01:58Z","timestamp":1793250118164,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031288","name":"F2G","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T12:31:00Z","timestamp":1734784260000},"page":"199-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cryptococcosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Aditi","family":"Jani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashleigh N.","family":"Reigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Sixto M.","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd P.","family":"McCarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01073-4","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans, a global threat to human health","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00499-6","article-title":"The global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal infection in adults in 2020: a modelling analysis","volume":"22","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.28019","article-title":"Prevalence of immunosuppression among US adults","volume":"331","author":"Martinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2015.6","article-title":"Cryptococcus: from environmental saprophyte to global pathogen","volume":"14","author":"May","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7086","DOI":"10.3390\/app12147086","article-title":"Cryptococcus: history, epidemiology and immune evasion","volume":"12","author":"Diniz-Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32832fa214","article-title":"Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in resource limited settings","volume":"22","author":"Sloan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006","article-title":"Cryptococcosis","volume":"30","author":"Maziarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105521","article-title":"A\u00a0holistic review on Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"166","author":"Rathore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.081384","article-title":"Spread of cryptococcus gattii into pacific northwest region of the United States","volume":"15","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e594","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00039-9","article-title":"Impact of climate change and natural disasters on fungal infections","volume":"5","author":"Seidel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad551","article-title":"Description of cryptococcosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection: a disease survey through the mycosis study group education and research consortium (MSG-19)","volume":"78","author":"Walker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e126","DOI":"10.15190\/d.2021.5","article-title":"High mortality co-infections of COVID-19 patients: mucormycosis and other fungal infections","volume":"9","author":"Bhatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Discoveries (Craiova)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib14","first-page":"266","article-title":"Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Lansbury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13476","article-title":"Cryptococcosis among hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a multicentre research network study","volume":"65","author":"Chastain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.03.012","article-title":"Cryptococcosis","volume":"35","author":"Gushiken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2015.02.009","article-title":"Recognition of seven species in the Cryptococcus gattii\/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex","volume":"78","author":"Hagen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Genet Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib18","series-title":"The yeasts","first-page":"1443","article-title":"Filobasidiella Kwon-Chung (1975)","author":"Kwon-Chung","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.838-840.1999","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans var.grubii: separate varietal status for cryptococcus neoformans serotype A isolates","volume":"37","author":"Franzot","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib20","first-page":"41","article-title":"What\u2019s new in cryptococcus gattii: from bench to bedside and beyond","volume":"9","author":"Beardsley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202049042","article-title":"Cryptococcus gattii evades CD11b-mediated fungal recognition by coating itself with capsular polysaccharides","volume":"51","author":"Ueno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00651","article-title":"Immunology of cryptococcal infections: developing a rational approach to patient therapy","volume":"9","author":"Elsegeiny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.132","article-title":"Host immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"10","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1614383","article-title":"Basic principles of the virulence of Cryptococcus","volume":"10","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7090206","article-title":"Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus gatti in an elderly patient","volume":"7","author":"Belda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16433","article-title":"Cryptococcus transmission through solid organ transplantation in the United States: a report from the Ad Hoc disease transmission advisory committee","volume":"21","author":"Penumarthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2311057","article-title":"Cryptococcal disease in diverse hosts","volume":"390","author":"Meya","year":"2024","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib28","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis","author":"Pescador Ruschel","year":"2024"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofae316","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae316","article-title":"Cryptococcosis associated with biologic therapy: a narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e3181cbf825","article-title":"Mechanism of action of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Chun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy086","article-title":"Pulmonary cryptococcosis: a review of pathobiology and clinical aspects","volume":"57","author":"Setianingrum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib32","first-page":"1156","article-title":"Pulmonary cryptococcosis","volume":"8","author":"Howard-Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.6.1865","article-title":"Acute respiratory failure associated with pulmonary cryptococcosis in non-AIDS patients","volume":"119","author":"Vilchez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz419","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of HIV-associated adult meningitis, Uganda 2015\u20132017","volume":"6","author":"Ellis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282a4a64d","article-title":"HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"21","author":"Jarvis","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01757-5","article-title":"Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis: how have we got here and where are we going?","volume":"82","author":"Ngan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e259","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30771-4","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis: time for action","volume":"21","author":"Stott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070783","article-title":"Elevated intracranial pressure in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis: examining old, new, and promising drug therapies","volume":"11","author":"Alanazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx054","article-title":"Relationship between intracranial pressure and antifungal agents levels in the CSF of patients with cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"56","author":"Wirth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1086\/313603","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"30","author":"Graybill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit794","article-title":"Determinants of mortality in a combined cohort of 501 patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: implications for improving outcomes","volume":"58","author":"Jarvis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib42","first-page":"1122","article-title":"Long-term mortality and disability in cryptococcal meningitis: a systematic literature review","volume":"66","author":"Pasquier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3314\/mmj.19.008","article-title":"Cutaneous cryptococcosis","volume":"60","author":"Noguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mycol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/1369378031000137224","article-title":"Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts","volume":"41","author":"Christianson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib45","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Cutaneous cryptococcus","author":"Akram","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib46","first-page":"e61555","article-title":"Disseminated cryptococcosis with prostate involvement in a patient with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia and prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib47","first-page":"e153","article-title":"Primary cryptococcal prostatitis and correlation with serum prostate specific antigen in a renal transplant recipient","volume":"51","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.905528","article-title":"Incidental finding of cryptococcus on prostate biopsy for prostate adenocarcinoma following cardiac transplant: case report and review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13543","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13543","article-title":"Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplantation-guidelines from the American society of transplantation infectious diseases community of practice","volume":"33","author":"Baddley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12836","article-title":"A\u00a0cluster of donor-derived Cryptococcus neoformans infection affecting lung, liver, and kidney transplant recipients: case report and review of literature","volume":"20","author":"Camargo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0046-y","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis: diagnosis and management update","volume":"2","author":"Abassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2001.130906","article-title":"Multisite validation of cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay and quantification by laser thermal contrast","volume":"20","author":"Boulware","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-016-0256-3","article-title":"Evolution of cryptococcal antigen testing: what is new?","volume":"10","author":"Nalintya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Fungal Infect Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.10.003","article-title":"Cryptococcosis diagnosis and treatment: what do we know now","volume":"78","author":"Perfect","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Genet Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00536-12","article-title":"Large-scale evaluation of the immuno-mycologics lateral flow and enzyme-linked immunoassays for detection of cryptococcal antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"20","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1243","article-title":"Cryptococcal antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid for detecting cryptococcal meningitis in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus: systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies","volume":"72","author":"Temfack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib57","first-page":"16","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of a new cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay in serum and cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"45","author":"Klausner","year":"2013","journal-title":"MLO Med Lab Obs"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001805","article-title":"False-negative cryptococcal antigen test due to the post-zone phenomenon","volume":"32","author":"Kojima","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.06.003","article-title":"\u201cFalse negative\u201d CSF cryptococcal antigen with clinical meningitis: case reports and review of literature","volume":"29","author":"Rutakingirwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofx242","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx242","article-title":"Pitfalls associated with the use of molecular diagnostic panels in the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"4","author":"O\u2019Halloran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.01.007","article-title":"Evaluation of the Biofire FilmArray meningitis\/encephalitis assay for the detection of Cryptococcus neoformans\/gattii","volume":"26","author":"Van","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy817","article-title":"Symptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia presenting as early cryptococcal meningitis with negative cerebral spinal fluid analysis","volume":"68","author":"Ssebambulidde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib64","first-page":"jiae354","article-title":"Antigen titers in cryptococcal meningitis: what determines how fast they fall?","author":"Bennett","year":"2024","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/NQXR-ULMG-MM1B-3T2B","article-title":"Clinical utility of monitoring serum cryptococcal antigen (sCRAG) titers in patients with AIDS-related cryptococcal disease","volume":"1","author":"Aberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"HIV Clin Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1086\/649858","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of America","volume":"50","author":"Perfect","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197907193010303","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of amphotericin B alone and combined with flucytosine in the treatment of cryptoccal meningitis","volume":"301","author":"Bennett","year":"1979","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9423","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16301-0","article-title":"Combination antifungal therapies for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomised trial","volume":"363","author":"Brouwer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002870","article-title":"Major role for amphotericin B-flucytosine combination in severe cryptococcosis","volume":"3","author":"Dromer","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1305981","article-title":"Combination antifungal therapy for cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"368","author":"Day","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710922","article-title":"Antifungal combinations for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in Africa","volume":"378","author":"Molloy","year":"2018","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25416","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25416","article-title":"Mortality from HIV-associated meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Tenforde","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199712000-00010","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) compared with amphotericin B both followed by oral fluconazole in the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"11","author":"Leenders","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1086\/653606","article-title":"Comparison of 2 doses of liposomal amphotericin B and conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate for treatment of AIDS-associated acute cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of efficacy and safety","volume":"51","author":"Hamill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib75","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Flucytosine","author":"Padda","year":"2024"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2111904","article-title":"Single-dose liposomal amphotericin B treatment for cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"386","author":"Jarvis","year":"2022","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofae120","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae120","article-title":"Infectious diseases physician management of cryptococcal meningitis in North America-is single high-dose liposomal amphotericin B being used?","volume":"11","author":"Bahr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib78","series-title":"Guidelines for Diagnosing, Preventing and managing cryptococcal disease among adults, adolescents and children living with HIV","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00090","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00090-17","article-title":"Experimental models of short courses of liposomal amphotericin B for induction therapy for cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"61","author":"Lestner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy515","article-title":"Short-course high-dose liposomal amphotericin B for human immunodeficiency virus-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Jarvis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02575","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02575-19","article-title":"Fluconazole monotherapy is a suboptimal option for initial treatment of cryptococcal meningitis because of emergence of resistance","volume":"10","author":"Hope","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12747","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of fluconazole resistance in clinical isolates of Cryptococcus species","volume":"61","author":"Bongomin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1086\/507895","article-title":"Symptomatic relapse of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis after initial fluconazole monotherapy: the role of fluconazole resistance and immune reconstitution","volume":"43","author":"Bicanic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199102283240902","article-title":"A\u00a0placebo-controlled trial of maintenance therapy with fluconazole after treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. California Collaborative Treatment Group","volume":"324","author":"Bozzette","year":"1991","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199203193261203","article-title":"A\u00a0controlled trial of fluconazole or amphotericin B to prevent relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group and Mycoses Study Group","volume":"326","author":"Powderly","year":"1992","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01216-08","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibilities among different serotypes of Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"53","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312884","article-title":"Timing of antiretroviral therapy after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"370","author":"Boulware","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1086\/647948","article-title":"Lipid formulations of amphotericin B significantly improve outcome in solid organ transplant recipients with central nervous system cryptococcosis","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.07.002","article-title":"Drug-interactions of azole antifungals with selected immunosuppressants in transplant patients: strategies for optimal management in clinical practice","volume":"24","author":"Lempers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib90","series-title":"Emerging transplant infections: clinical challenges and implications","first-page":"1","article-title":"Management of cryptococcosis in transplant candidates and recipients","author":"Baddley","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12111303","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in phenotypically normal patients","volume":"12","author":"Cumagun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1086\/322597","article-title":"Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy","volume":"33","author":"Pappas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix240","article-title":"Cranial imaging before lumbar puncture in adults with community-acquired meningitis: clinical utility and adherence to the infectious diseases society of America guidelines","volume":"64","author":"Salazar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010399","article-title":"Computed tomography of the head before lumbar puncture in adults with suspected meningitis","volume":"345","author":"Hasbun","year":"2001","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu596","article-title":"The effect of therapeutic lumbar punctures on acute mortality from cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"59","author":"Rolfes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz241","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz241","article-title":"Factors associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in patients with cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"6","author":"Baddley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509024","article-title":"Adjunctive dexamethasone in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"374","author":"Beardsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32835c21d1","article-title":"Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Longley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000384","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000384","article-title":"Clinical features and serum biomarkers in HIV immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Boulware","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu711","article-title":"Predictors of immune reconstitution syndrome in organ transplant recipients with cryptococcosis: implications for the management of immunosuppression","volume":"60","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000180530.17683.02","article-title":"Allograft loss in renal transplant recipients with cryptococcus neoformans associated immune reconstitution syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12676","article-title":"Shedding light on IRIS: from pathophysiology to treatment of cryptococcal meningitis and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"20","author":"Balasko","year":"2019","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283614a8d","article-title":"Clinical and mycological predictors of cryptococcosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.4.3.469","article-title":"Evidence base for using corticosteroids to treat HIV-associated immune reconstitution syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Lesho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib105","first-page":"e1078","article-title":"Post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome (PIIRS): dissociation of T-cell-macrophage signaling in previously healthy individuals with cryptococcal fungal meningoencephalitis","volume":"2","author":"Williamson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Macrophage (Houst)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2789","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1901","article-title":"Outcomes in previously healthy cryptococcal meningoencephalitis patients treated with pulse taper corticosteroids for post-infectious inflammatory syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Anjum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020205","article-title":"Cerebral cryptococcomas: a systematic scoping review of available evidence to facilitate diagnosis and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Chastain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S331","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000484","article-title":"Cryptococcal antigen screening and early antifungal treatment to prevent cryptococcal meningitis: a review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Kaplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31824c837e","article-title":"Integrating cryptococcal antigen screening and pre-emptive treatment into routine HIV care","volume":"59","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12067","article-title":"The impact of routine cryptococcal antigen screening on survival among HIV-infected individuals with advanced immunosuppression in Kenya","volume":"18","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1086\/655143","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of serum cryptococcal antigen screening to prevent deaths among HIV-infected persons with a CD4+ cell count < or\u00a0= 100 cells\/microL who start HIV therapy in resource-limited settings","volume":"51","author":"Meya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib112","first-page":"474","article-title":"The role of serum cryptococcal antigen screening for the early diagnosis of cryptococcosis in HIV-infected patients with different ranges of CD4 cell counts","volume":"60","author":"Pongsai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix613","article-title":"Inadequacy of high-dose fluconazole monotherapy among cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen (CrAg)-Positive human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in an Ethiopian CrAg screening program","volume":"65","author":"Beyene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy567","article-title":"Impact of routine cryptococcal antigen screening and targeted preemptive fluconazole therapy in antiretroviral-naive human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults with CD4 cell counts <100\/\u03bcL: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Temfack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069288","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of cryptococcal antigen screening as a strategy to prevent HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in South Africa","volume":"8","author":"Jarvis","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac004","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac004","article-title":"High burden of cryptococcal meningitis among antiretroviral therapy-experienced human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Northern Uganda in the era of \u201ctest and treat\u201d: implications for cryptococcal screening Programs","volume":"9","author":"Okwir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002781","article-title":"Benefits of enhanced infection prophylaxis at antiretroviral therapy initiation by cryptococcal antigen status","volume":"35","author":"Pett","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofae255","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae255","article-title":"The role of frequent screening or diagnostic testing of serum cryptococcal antigen in liver transplant recipients: a descriptive epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Miwa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01611-0","article-title":"The antifungal pipeline: fosmanogepix, ibrexafungerp, olorofim, opelconazole, and rezafungin","volume":"81","author":"Hoenigl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad440","article-title":"Oral lipid nanocrystal amphotericin B for cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"77","author":"Boulware","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib122","first-page":"e59210","article-title":"Fosmanogepix: the novel anti-fungal agent\u2019s comprehensive review of in\u00a0vitro, in\u00a0vivo, and current insights from advancing clinical trials","volume":"16","author":"Almajid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00523","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00523-18","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo evaluation of APX001A\/APX001 and other Gwt1 inhibitors against cryptococcus","volume":"62","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891552024000862?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891552024000862?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T15:09:49Z","timestamp":1749568189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891552024000862"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0891552024000862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-5520"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-5520","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cryptococcosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2024.11.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}