{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T20:30:19Z","timestamp":1784147419187,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1NU38FT000009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1NU38FT000009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1RO1AI165327-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RO1AI165327-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HIH\/NIAID 1RO1 AI135114-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIH\/NIAID 1RO1 AI135114-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]],"date-time":"2025-04-06T20:23:47Z","timestamp":1743971027000},"page":"293-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Pavia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0702","article-title":"Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China","volume":"145","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2005073","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in children","volume":"382","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.2091","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of US children and adolescents with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) compared with severe acute COVID-19","volume":"325","author":"Feldstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-052273","article-title":"Deaths in children and adolescents associated with COVID-19 and MIS-C in the United States","volume":"148","author":"McCormick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.2800","article-title":"Clinical features and burden of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents","volume":"176","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajmo.2024.100078","article-title":"Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19 in pediatric patients within the United States: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Miller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Med Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib8","first-page":"153","article-title":"Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 in children","author":"Rao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa556","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): what do we know about children? a systematic review","volume":"71","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piad002","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of COVID-19 in children and adolescents over four successive epidemic waves in South Africa, 2020-2022","volume":"12","author":"Chiwandire","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7036e1","article-title":"Trends in COVID-19 cases, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions among children and adolescents Aged 0-17 Years - United States, August 2020-August 2021","volume":"70","author":"Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7107e4","article-title":"Hospitalizations of children and adolescents with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, July 2021-January 2022","volume":"71","author":"Marks","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7111e2","article-title":"Hospitalization of infants and children aged 0-4 years with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 2020-February 2022","volume":"71","author":"Marks","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.4217","article-title":"Incidence rates, household infection risk, and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection among children and adults in Utah and New York City, New York","volume":"176","author":"Dawood","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae719","article-title":"Ratio of infections to COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations in the United States based on SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence data, september 2021-February 2022","volume":"12","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3689","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity in US children and adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Antoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.1685","article-title":"Association between race and COVID-19 outcomes among 2.6 million children in England","volume":"175","author":"Saatci","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01161-3","article-title":"Trends in clinical presentation of children with COVID-19: a systematic review of individual participant data","volume":"91","author":"Christophers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2389301","article-title":"Hospitalized children with COVID-19 infection during large outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain: a retrospective study in Chaozhou, Guangdong, China","volume":"56","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.11.014","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in children","volume":"44","author":"Waghmare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003589","article-title":"Gastrointestinal manifestations in hospitalized children with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and multisystem inflammatory condition: an analysis of the VIRUS COVID-19 Registry","volume":"41","author":"Sayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16134","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the VIRUS COVID-19 registry","volume":"61","author":"Deo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.06.1016","article-title":"The spectrum of COVID-19-associated dermatologic manifestations: an international registry of 716 patients from 31 countries","volume":"83","author":"Freeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.4324","article-title":"Clinical, laboratory, and interferon-alpha response characteristics of patients with chilblain-like lesions during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"157","author":"Hubiche","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.27348","article-title":"Assessment of clinical and virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection among children aged 0 to 4 years and their household members","volume":"5","author":"Karron","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac332","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in adults and children","volume":"146","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.148694","article-title":"Natural mucosal barriers and COVID-19 in children","volume":"6","author":"Pierce","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2021-0292OC","article-title":"Age-related differences in the nasal mucosal immune response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"66","author":"Koch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2021-0455ED","article-title":"Differences between children and adults with COVID-19: it's right under our nose","volume":"66","author":"Morrell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e385","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad646","article-title":"The infectious diseases society of America guidelines on the diagnosis of COVID-19: molecular diagnostic testing (December 2023)","volume":"78","author":"Hayden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-083122-043545","article-title":"Innate immunity in protection and pathogenesis during coronavirus infections and COVID-19","volume":"42","author":"Malireddi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa099","article-title":"A\u00a0pediatric infectious diseases perspective of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children","volume":"9","author":"Shane","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-022-05393-9","article-title":"Imaging findings in acute pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)","volume":"52","author":"Kurian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25661","article-title":"Chest X-ray lung imaging features in pediatric COVID-19 and comparison with viral lower respiratory infections in young children","volume":"56","author":"Nino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.01.010","article-title":"Association of radiology findings with etiology of community acquired pneumonia among children","volume":"261","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"5152","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm705152a3","article-title":"Characteristics and clinical outcomes of children and adolescents aged <18 years hospitalized with COVID-19 - six Hospitals, United States, July-August 2021","volume":"70","author":"Wanga","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11182","article-title":"Underlying medical conditions associated with severe COVID-19 illness among children","volume":"4","author":"Kompaniyets","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib39","first-page":"149","article-title":"Risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children","author":"Woodruff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.7319","article-title":"Risk of infection and hospitalization among vaccinated and unvaccinated children and adolescents in New York after the emergence of the omicron variant","volume":"327","author":"Dorabawila","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad702","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of US adults hospitalized for COVID-19 and influenza in the respiratory virus hospitalization surveillance Network, October 2021-September 2022","volume":"11","author":"Kojima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piae052","article-title":"Risk factors for pediatric critical COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Aparicio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01627-9","article-title":"Risk factors for PICU admission and death among children and young people hospitalized with COVID-19 and PIMS-TS in England during the first pandemic year","volume":"28","author":"Ward","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101287","article-title":"Which children and young people are at higher risk of severe disease and death after hospitalisation with SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and young people: a systematic review and individual patient meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Harwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.08.054","article-title":"An update on COVID-19 and pregnancy","volume":"226","author":"Jamieson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa352","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: a case-control study","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2024.151919","article-title":"Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on the placenta and fetus","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14212443","article-title":"COVID-19 and its potential impact on children born to mothers infected during pregnancy: a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Stolojanu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7338a1","article-title":"COVID-19-associated hospitalizations and maternal vaccination among infants aged <6 Months - COVID-NET, 12 States, October 2022-April 2024","volume":"73","author":"Havers","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003435","article-title":"Frequency, characteristics and complications of COVID-19 in hospitalized infants","volume":"41","author":"Hobbs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204399","article-title":"Maternal vaccination and risk of hospitalization for Covid-19 among Infants","volume":"387","author":"Halasa","year":"2022","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10239","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31103-X","article-title":"An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Verdoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10239","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31129-6","article-title":"Kawasaki-like disease: emerging complication during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"395","author":"Viner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10374","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to COVID-19 in previously healthy children and adolescents in New York City","volume":"324","author":"Cheung","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40124-022-00264-1","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical features, and outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and adolescents-a live systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021680","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U.S. children and adolescents","volume":"383","author":"Feldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0504","article-title":"Neurologic involvement in children and adolescents hospitalized in the United States for COVID-19 or multisystem inflammatory syndrome","volume":"78","author":"LaRovere","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003212","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation characteristics and outcomes in children and adolescents with COVID-19 or multisystem inflammatory syndrome admitted to U.S. ICUs","volume":"24","author":"Bembea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.06.002","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome of children: subphenotypes, risk factors, biomarkers, cytokine profiles, and viral sequencing","volume":"237","author":"DeBiasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5967","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI140970","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and COVID-19 are distinct presentations of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"130","author":"Diorio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-59815-9_28","article-title":"COVID-19-related multi-systemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)","volume":"1448","author":"Henderson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.5466","article-title":"Six-month outcomes in the long-term outcomes after the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children study","author":"Truong","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e280","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac477","article-title":"Life-threatening complications of influenza vs coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in US Children","volume":"76","author":"Halasa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.2357","article-title":"Pediatric hospitalizations and ICU Admissions Due to COVID-19 and pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 in England","volume":"177","author":"Ward","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib66","author":"Bhimraj"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116846","article-title":"Early remdesivir to prevent progression to severe covid-19 in outpatients","volume":"386","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2022","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42062","article-title":"American College of Rheumatology clinical guidance for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with SARS-CoV-2 and hyperinflammation in pediatric COVID-19: Version 3","volume":"74","author":"Henderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102605","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children - initial therapy and outcomes","volume":"385","author":"Son","year":"2021","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0694","article-title":"Association of intravenous immunoglobulins plus methylprednisolone vs immunoglobulins alone with course of fever in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children","volume":"325","author":"Ouldali","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00029-2","article-title":"Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Channon-Wells","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib74","article-title":"Long COVID in children and adolescents: mechanisms, symptoms, and long-term impact on health-a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Basaca","year":"2025","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.12747","article-title":"Characterizing long COVID in children and adolescents","volume":"332","author":"Gross","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.6206","article-title":"Long COVID prevalence and associated activity limitation in US Children","author":"Ford","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03173-6","article-title":"Long COVID science, research and policy","volume":"30","author":"Al-Aly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00053-1","article-title":"Why we need a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of long COVID","volume":"23","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891552025000236?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891552025000236?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T11:12:56Z","timestamp":1746789176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891552025000236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0891552025000236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-5520"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-5520","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2025.02.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}