{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T14:38:24Z","timestamp":1793889504601,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"University Grants Committee Research Grants Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17100019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17100019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Dental Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T16:26:45Z","timestamp":1697214405000},"page":"35-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Early Childhood Caries and Dental Public Health Programmes in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Faith Miaomiao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iliana Gehui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivy Guofang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duangporn","family":"Duangthip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3618-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward Chin Man","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8167-0430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun Hung","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0001","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Definition of early childhood caries (ECC). 2008. Available from: https:\/\/www.aapd.org\/assets\/1\/7\/d_ecc.pdf. Accessed 20 May 2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.107257","article-title":"Early childhood caries update: a review of causes, diagnoses, and treatments","volume":"4","author":"Colak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00157","article-title":"Early childhood caries: prevalence, risk factors, and prevention","volume":"5","author":"Anil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12261","article-title":"Early childhood caries among 5- to 6-year-old children in Southeast Asia","volume":"67","author":"Duangthip","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0005","unstructured":"Department of Health. Oral health survey 2011. 2012. Available from:https:\/\/www.toothclub.gov.hk\/en\/en_pdf\/Oral_Health_Survey_2011\/Oral_Health_Survey_2011_WCAG_20141112_(EN_Full).pdf. Accessed 20 May 2023"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211934","article-title":"Prevalence of untreated early childhood caries of 5-year-old children in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0007","first-page":"73","article-title":"The historical development of dentistry in Hong Kong","volume":"4","author":"Chiu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0008","article-title":"Oral health care in Hong Kong","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0009","series-title":"Report on 1st (pre-fluoridation) dental survey of school children in Hong Kong","year":"1960"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0010","series-title":"Report on a dental survey in Hong Kong 1968. The Government Dental Service and the World Health Organization","author":"Wong","year":"1968"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0011","first-page":"116","article-title":"Dental caries prevalence and related factors in 5-year-old children in Hong Kong","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0012","unstructured":"Petersen, Poul Erik, Baez, Ramon J & World Health Organization. Oral health surveys: basic methods, 5th ed. World Health Organization; 2013. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/97035. Accessed 15 August 2023."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800347a","article-title":"Dental caries status of preschool children in Hong Kong","volume":"187","author":"Chu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0014","unstructured":"Department of Health. Oral health survey 2001 report released. 2001. Available from:https:\/\/www.info.gov.hk\/gia\/general\/200212\/12\/1212128.htm. Accessed 20 May 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0413-2","article-title":"Dental caries status and its associated factors among 5-year-old Hong Kong children: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-767","article-title":"Oral health status and behaviours of preschool children in Hong Kong","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0016","unstructured":"Trading Economics. Hong Kong GDP. Available from: https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/hong-kong\/gdp. Accessed 25 July 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0017","unstructured":"Human Development Report 1994 New York. The United Nations Development Programme. 1994. Available from:https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/system\/files\/documents\/hdr1994encompletenostatspdf.pdf. Accessed 23 July 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0018","unstructured":"Hong Kong Human Development Index- HDI. Available from: https:\/\/countryeconomy.com\/hdi\/hong-kong. Accessed 21 July 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib48","unstructured":"Census and Statistics Department. Hong Kong annual digest of statistics. 1978. Available from: https:\/\/www.statistics.gov.hk\/pub\/hist\/1971_1980\/B10100031978AN78E0100.pdf. Accessed 15 August 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib49","unstructured":"Census and Statistics Department. Hong Kong annual digest of statistics. 2022. Available from:https:\/\/www.censtatd.gov.hk\/en\/data\/stat_report\/product\/B1010123\/att\/B10101232022AN22B0100.pdf. Accessed 15 August 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0019","unstructured":"The Dental Council of Hong Kong Annual Report 2021. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.dchk.org.hk\/en\/annual\/docs\/Annual_Report_2021_Eng.pdf. Accessed 20 May 2023."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0020","first-page":"383","article-title":"Changes in dental health in Hong Kong after 25 years of water fluoridation","volume":"4","author":"Evans","year":"1987","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.1991.tb02187.x","article-title":"Dental fluorosis following downward adjustment of fluoride in drinking water","volume":"51","author":"Evans","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0022","unstructured":"Charlie LAM LC. Dental care services for children. 2021. Available from:https:\/\/www.legco.gov.hk\/research-publications\/english\/essentials-2021ise34-dental-care-services-for-children.htm. Accessed 19 July 2023."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12467","article-title":"Global caries experience in children and its relationship with government expenditures on education and health, sugar consumption, and years of schooling: an ecological study","volume":"82","author":"Nazir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0024","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children. World Health Organization. 2015. Available from:https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/149782. Accessed 15 August 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0025","unstructured":"Helgi Library. Sugar consumption per capita in Hong Kong Available from:https:\/\/www.helgilibrary.com\/indicators\/sugar-consumption-per-capita\/hong-kong\/#:~:text=Sugar%20consumption%20per%20capita%20reached,of%2012.9%20kg%20in%201964. Accessed 2 August 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2021.670154","article-title":"Oral health policies to tackle the burden of early childhood caries: a review of 14 countries\/regions","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oral Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0027","series-title":"Health 21: the health for all policy framework for the WHO European region","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1159\/000016429","article-title":"Prolonged demand breast-feeding and nursing caries","volume":"32","author":"Weerheijm","year":"1998","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0029","first-page":"137","article-title":"The Dutch health care system","author":"Wammes","year":"2020","journal-title":"International profiles of health care systems"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0030","article-title":"Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries","volume":"2015","author":"Iheozor-Ejiofor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0031","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Community water fluoridation. 2019 Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/fluoridation\/basics\/cost.htm. Accessed 26 May 2023."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4802658","article-title":"Dental caries prevalence in 5-year-old children following five and a half years of water fluoridation in Birmingham","volume":"130","author":"Beal","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"Suppl 2)","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0033","first-page":"47","article-title":"Thirty-eight years of water fluoridation\u2014the Singapore scenario","volume":"13","author":"Loh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-5291(12)70011-1","article-title":"A review of the uses of fluoride and outcomes of dental caries control in Singapore","volume":"32","author":"Chong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Singapore Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-5291(12)70011-1","article-title":"A review of the uses of fluoride and outcomes of dental caries control in singapore","volume":"32","author":"Chong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Singapore Dent J"},{"issue":"7265","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7265.855","article-title":"Systematic review of water fluoridation","volume":"321","author":"McDonagh","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0036","series-title":"Impact of community water fluoridation on systemic health excluding oral health: an evidence review","author":"Lambe","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491513000408","article-title":"U.S. Public Health Service Recommendation for Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water for the Prevention of Dental Caries","volume":"130","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0038","unstructured":"Department of Health. Oral care tips. Available from: https:\/\/www.toothclub.gov.hk\/en\/en_adu_ 01_02_06.html. Accessed 22 May 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0039","unstructured":"Post SCM. Number of mainlanders moving to Hong Kong drops by almost 15,000. 2018. Available from:https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/hong-kong\/community\/article\/2159723\/number-mainland-chinese-migrants-coming-hong-kong-drops. Accessed 30 July 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0040","unstructured":"Post SCM. Cross-border pupils\u2019 return to Hong Kong classrooms delayed, with first students back in mid-February, Education Bureau says. 2023. Available from:https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/hong-kong\/education\/article\/3208236\/cross-border-pupils-return-hong-kong-classrooms-delayed-first-students-back-mid-february-education. Accessed 29 July 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800191a","article-title":"Inequalities in oral health: a review of the evidence and recommendations for action","volume":"187","author":"Watt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brit Dent J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0042","article-title":"The oral healthcare system in Japan","volume":"6","author":"Zaitsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0043","unstructured":"Oral Health Education Division, Department of Health. Brighter smiles playland. Available from: https:\/\/www.toothclub.gov.hk\/en\/en_home_01_04.html. Accessed 20 May 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0044","first-page":"6","article-title":"Dental health status of Hong Kong preschool children","volume":"6","author":"Lo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hong Kong Dent J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12455","article-title":"Early childhood caries among 3-to 5-year-old children in Hong Kong","volume":"69","author":"Duangthip","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001_bib0047","article-title":"A kindergarten-based oral health preventive approach for Hong Kong preschool children","volume":"8","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"}],"container-title":["International Dental Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020653923004355?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020653923004355?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T15:08:03Z","timestamp":1762182483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020653923004355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0020653923004355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-6539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-6539","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Early Childhood Caries and Dental Public Health Programmes in Hong Kong","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Dental Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of FDI World Dental Federation.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}