{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:45:12Z","timestamp":1793119512899,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023813","name":"FDI World Dental Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Dental Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T16:37:03Z","timestamp":1697560623000},"page":"S64-S68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"special_numbering":"S2","title":["Antimicrobial Mouthwashes: An Overview of Mechanisms\u2014What Do We Still Need to Know?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8096-6256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zo\u00eb","family":"Brookes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colman","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"McCullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0001","article-title":"Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health","volume":"3","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2015.02.011","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effect of an essential oil-containing mouthrinse on gingivitis and plaque","volume":"146","author":"Araujo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2829854","article-title":"Effects of herbal mouthwashes on plaque and inflammation control for patients with gingivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8841722","article-title":"A systematic review of the effect of oral rinsing with H2O2 on clinical and microbiological parameters related to plaque, gingivitis, and microbes","author":"Muniz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2008.00344.x","article-title":"The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouth rinses as adjuncts to toothbrushing on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Haps","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2017.01.021","article-title":"Chlorhexidine mouthwash as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in chronic periodontitis: a meta-analysis","volume":"148","author":"da Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0007","article-title":"Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Marinho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 22","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13290","article-title":"Treatment of stage I-III periodontitis-The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline","volume":"47","author":"Sanz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103562","article-title":"BSP implementation of European S3 - level evidence-based treatment guidelines for stage I-III periodontitis in UK clinical practice","volume":"106","author":"West","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0010","first-page":"1321","article-title":"Chlorhexidine\u2013pharmaco-biological activity and application","volume":"19","author":"Karpi\u0144ski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1988.tb01595.x","article-title":"The mechanism of action of chlorhexidine. A study of plaque growth on enamel inserts in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Jenkins","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10060101","article-title":"Early response and clinical efficacy of a mouthwash containing chlorhexidine, anti discoloration system, polyvinylpyrrolidone\/vinyl acetate and sodium DNA in periodontitis model: a triple-blind randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Lorusso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103497","article-title":"Current uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: a narrative review","volume":"103","author":"Brookes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-021-00660-x","article-title":"Virucidal efficacy of chlorhexidine: a systematic review","volume":"110","author":"Fernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12424","article-title":"Multi-centre retrospective analysis of anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia in the United Kingdom: aetiology and diagnostic performance of acute serum tryptase","volume":"178","author":"Krishna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2016.43.3.272","article-title":"Allergy to chlorhexidine","volume":"43","author":"Pemberton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018","article-title":"Acquired resistance to chlorhexidine - is it time to establish an \u2018antiseptic stewardship\u2019 initiative?","volume":"94","author":"Kampf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0833-1","article-title":"Dental plaque bacteria with reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine are multidrug resistant","volume":"16","author":"Saleem","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2005.06.002","article-title":"Broad-spectrum microbicidal activity, toxicologic assessment, and materials compatibility of a new generation of accelerated hydrogen peroxide-based environmental surface disinfectant","volume":"34","author":"Omidbakhsh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02192-19","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxygen enrichment eradicates helicobacter pylori in vitro and in vivo","volume":"64","author":"Di","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110436","article-title":"Can preprocedural mouthrinses reduce SARS-CoV-2 load in dental aerosols?","volume":"146","author":"Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zqaa002","DOI":"10.1093\/function\/zqaa002","article-title":"Potential role of oral rinses targeting the viral lipid envelope in SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"1","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Function (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.1.57","article-title":"Efficacy of a fluoridated hydrogen peroxide-based mouthrinse for the treatment of gingivitis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"Hasturk","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2009.080","article-title":"Mouthwashes","volume":"32","author":"Farah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00576-20","article-title":"Cetylpyridinium chloride: mechanism of action, antimicrobial efficacy in biofilms, and potential risks of resistance","volume":"64","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060459","article-title":"Biological activity of quaternary ammonium salts and their derivatives","volume":"9","author":"Kwa\u015bniewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2017.03.001","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium-based biomedical materials: state-of-the-art, toxicological aspects and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"71","author":"Jiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Polym Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082276","article-title":"Biocide use in the antimicrobial era: a review","volume":"26","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2017.47.3.134","article-title":"The antiplaque and bleeding control effects of a cetylpyridinium chloride and tranexamic acid mouth rinse in patients with gingivitis","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Periodontal Implant Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2018.07.001","article-title":"Evidence-based strategy for dental biofilms: current evidence of mouthwashes on dental biofilm and gingivitis","volume":"55","author":"Takenaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn Dent Sci Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00502-1","article-title":"Doctor I have an iodine allergy","volume":"11","author":"Stewart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2011.00429.x","article-title":"Low-cost periodontal therapy","volume":"60","author":"Slots","year":"2000","journal-title":"Periodontol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000246043","article-title":"Molecular effects of povidone-iodine on relevant microorganisms: an electron-microscopic and biochemical study","volume":"195","author":"Schreier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000246038","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and sensitization of povidone-iodine and other frequently used anti-infective agents","volume":"195","author":"Niedner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1086\/516156","article-title":"Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: recommendations by the American Heart Association","volume":"25","author":"Dajani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1992.tb01143.x","article-title":"The effect of 3 mouthrinses on plaque and gingivitis development","volume":"19","author":"Maruniak","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4711","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204711","article-title":"Antibacterial, antifungal, antimycotoxigenic, and antioxidant activities of essential oils: an updated review","volume":"25","author":"Mutlu-Ingok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.2005.00674.x","article-title":"In vivo antimicrobial effectiveness of an essential oil-containing mouth rinse 12 h after a single use and 14 days' use","volume":"32","author":"Fine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107BOR-2014.vol28.0022","article-title":"Antimicrobial mouthrinse use as an adjunct method in peri-implant biofilm control","author":"Pedrazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2020.101407","article-title":"Mouthwash with alcohol and oral carcinogenesis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Aceves Argem\u00ed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Evid Based Dent Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13127","article-title":"Efficacy of adjunctive anti-plaque chemical agents in managing gingivitis: a systematic review and network meta-analyses","volume":"46","author":"Figuero","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_225_17","article-title":"Worldwide use of triclosan: can dentistry do without this antimicrobial?","volume":"8","author":"Macri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107856","article-title":"Childhood exposure to non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals and multi-omic profiles: a panel study","volume":"173","author":"Fabbri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131371","article-title":"Antidepressant exposure as a source of disinfectant resistance in waterborne bacteria","volume":"452","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11071283","article-title":"Progress in oral microbiome related to oral and systemic diseases: an update","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"}],"container-title":["International Dental Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020653923004549?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020653923004549?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T10:47:27Z","timestamp":1758106047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020653923004549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0020653923004549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-6539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-6539","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antimicrobial Mouthwashes: An Overview of Mechanisms\u2014What Do We Still Need to Know?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Dental Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2023.08.014","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of FDI World Dental Federation.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}