{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:50:52Z","timestamp":1793407852529,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Dental Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T12:16:54Z","timestamp":1740140214000},"page":"1897-1905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Causal Association Between Microbiome and Oral-Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Zhengrui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9941-3355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xufeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4279-7420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divya","family":"Gopinath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31937","article-title":"Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods","volume":"144","author":"Ferlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00224-3","article-title":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2020.00003","article-title":"Grand challenges in oral cancers","volume":"1","author":"Coletta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oral Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702231187645","article-title":"Oral microbiota in human health and disease: a perspective","volume":"248","author":"Santacroce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01075-5","article-title":"The oral-gut microbiome axis in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Kunath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59111933","article-title":"Oral dysbiosis and systemic diseases: a two-way relationship?","volume":"59","author":"Pisano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7224","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147224","article-title":"Association of microbiome with oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review of the metagenomic studies","volume":"18","author":"Su Mun","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000247","article-title":"Microbiome in human cancers","volume":"3","author":"Menati Rashno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Access Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1253025","article-title":"The role of oral microbiota in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Lan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.591088","article-title":"The oral microbiome and cancer","volume":"11","author":"Irfan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003933","article-title":"Oral bacteria and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Whitmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00012-10","article-title":"Role of bacteria in oncogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.04.018","article-title":"Culture-independent studies on bacterial dysbiosis in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review","volume":"139","author":"Gopinath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80859-0","article-title":"Differences in the bacteriome of swab, saliva, and tissue biopsies in oral cancer","volume":"11","author":"Gopinath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0016","article-title":"The oral microbiota: community composition, influencing factors, pathogenesis, and interventions","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1346","article-title":"Meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization: a review","volume":"10","author":"Bowden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-083117-021731","article-title":"Inferring causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes from genome-wide association study data","volume":"19","author":"Burgess","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610383505","article-title":"Mendelian randomization for strengthening causal inference in observational studies: application to gene \u00d7 environment interactions","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009466","article-title":"Biologic plausibility in causal inference: current method and practice","volume":"147","author":"Weed","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3034","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology","volume":"27","author":"Lawlor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-4008-8","article-title":"Genetic influences on the human oral microbiome","volume":"18","author":"Demmitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00356-0","article-title":"Metagenome-genome-wide association studies reveal human genetic impact on the oral microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520945242","article-title":"Association or causation? Exploring the oral microbiome and cancer links","volume":"99","author":"Teles","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1452392","article-title":"Revealing the association between East Asian oral microbiome and colorectal cancer through Mendelian randomization and multi-omics analysis","volume":"14","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.13074","article-title":"Causal relationship between oral microbiota and epilepsy risk: evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis in East Asians","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.05.015","article-title":"Statistical methods for Mendelian randomization in genome-wide association studies: a review","volume":"20","author":"Boehm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","article-title":"Consistent estimation in mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0030","article-title":"The Salivary microbiota as a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer: a descriptive, non-randomized study of cancer-free and oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects","volume":"3","author":"Mager","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00476","article-title":"The oral microbiota may have influence on oral cancer","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-020-01596-5","article-title":"Oral microbial species and virulence factors associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"82","author":"Torralba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32152","article-title":"Periodontal pathogens are a risk factor of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, independent of tobacco and alcohol and human papillomavirus","volume":"145","author":"Ganly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20001101)88:3<342::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Acetaldehyde production by non-pathogenic Neisseria in human oral microflora: implications for carcinogenesis in upper aerodigestive tract","volume":"88","author":"Muto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2019.111634","article-title":"Who is who in oral cancer?","volume":"384","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.409","article-title":"Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like proteinase may contribute to orodigestive carcinogenesis through immunomodulation","volume":"118","author":"Nieminen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211067401","article-title":"Treponema denticola promotes OSCC development via the TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathway","volume":"101","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01471.x","article-title":"Different frequencies of Streptococcus anginosus infection in oral cancer and esophageal cancer","volume":"94","author":"Morita","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0039","first-page":"699","article-title":"Streptococcus anginosus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: implication in carcinogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Tateda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01051.x","article-title":"Streptococcus anginosus infection in oral cancer and its infection route","volume":"11","author":"Sasaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02488.x","article-title":"Frequent and preferential infection of Treponema denticola, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus anginosus in esophageal cancers","volume":"95","author":"Narikiyo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-02011-w","article-title":"Dysbiosis of salivary microbiome and cytokines influence oral squamous cell carcinoma through inflammation","volume":"203","author":"Rai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-019-01790-1","article-title":"Alterations of salivary microbial community associated with oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients","volume":"202","author":"Panda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12341","article-title":"Acetaldehyde production by major oral microbes","volume":"21","author":"Moritani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091943","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of acetaldehyde-mediated carcinogenesis in squamous epithelium","volume":"18","author":"Mizumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-144","article-title":"Comparison of oral microbiota in tumor and non-tumor tissues of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Pushalkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"862","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0047","article-title":"Oral microbiota community dynamics associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma staging","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1584","article-title":"The role of hemophilus influenzae infection and its relationship with colorectal cancer","volume":"14","author":"Fortoul","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563410","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2018.1563410","article-title":"Possible role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in orodigestive cancers","volume":"11","author":"Olsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08903-4","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum and oral cancer: a critical review","volume":"21","author":"McIlvanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28034-z","article-title":"Microbiome differential abundance methods produce different results across 38 datasets","volume":"13","author":"Nearing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122426","article-title":"A cross-talk between diet and the oral microbiome: balance of nutrition on inflammation and immune system's response during periodontitis","volume":"14","author":"Santonocito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55056-3","article-title":"Long-term impact of oral surgery with or without amoxicillin on the oral microbiome-A prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Menon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8089","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218089","article-title":"Impact of gene\u2013environment interactions on cancer development","volume":"17","author":"Mbemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016010098","article-title":"Mendelian randomization as an approach to assess causality using observational data","volume":"27","author":"Sekula","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2018.05.011","article-title":"Unravelling the molecular signatures in HNSCC: is the homogenous paradigm becoming obsolete?","volume":"82","author":"Gopinath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.728933","article-title":"The clinical potential of oral microbiota as a screening tool for oral squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"}],"container-title":["International Dental Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020653925000395?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020653925000395?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T13:29:49Z","timestamp":1746797389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020653925000395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0020653925000395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-6539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-6539","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Causal Association Between Microbiome and Oral-Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Dental Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of FDI World Dental Federation.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}