{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T17:17:58Z","timestamp":1787851078476,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00451221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00451221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Dental Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:14:54Z","timestamp":1772180094000},"page":"109466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Performance of State-of-the-Art LLMs on the KDLE: A 2025 Benchmark Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9242-1549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taejun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2824-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bong Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.02.005","article-title":"The transformative role of artificial intelligence in dentistry: a comprehensive overview. Part 1: fundamentals of AI, and its contemporary applications in dentistry","volume":"75","author":"Samaranayake","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.02.006","article-title":"The transformative role of artificial intelligence in dentistry: a comprehensive overview. Part 2: the promise and perils, and the International Dental Federation communique","volume":"75","author":"Tuygunov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06444-x","article-title":"Exploring ChatGPT\u2019s potential in diagnosing oral and maxillofacial pathologies: a study of 123 challenging cases","volume":"25","author":"Tassoker","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322529","article-title":"How valuable are the questions and answers generated by large language models in oral and maxillofacial surgery?","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.12.007","article-title":"Performance of generative artificial intelligence in dental licensing examinations","volume":"74","author":"Chau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06309-x","article-title":"Performance of ChatGPT and Bard on medical licensing examinations varies across different cultures: a comparison study","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/66114","article-title":"Large language models in worldwide medical exams: platform development and comprehensive analysis","volume":"26","author":"Zong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198","article-title":"Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models","volume":"2","author":"Kung","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/45312","article-title":"How does ChatGPT perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment","volume":"9","author":"Gilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0010","article-title":"Performance of GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and bard on the Japanese National Dentist Examination","volume":"15","author":"Ohta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2024.06.015","article-title":"Evaluating the image recognition capabilities of GPT-4V and Gemini Pro in the Japanese national dental examination","volume":"20","author":"Fukuda","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dent Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13070279","article-title":"Evaluation of Chatbot responses to text-based multiple-choice questions in prosthodontic and restorative dentistry","volume":"13","author":"Chau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.104938","article-title":"Accuracy and consistency of chatbots versus clinicians for answering pediatric dentistry questions: A pilot study","volume":"144","author":"Rokhshad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105733","article-title":"Chatbots for conducting systematic reviews in pediatric dentistry","volume":"158","author":"Rokhshad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2024.12.028","article-title":"Efficacy and empathy of AI chatbots in answering frequently asked questions on oral oncology","volume":"139","author":"Rokhshad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.103910","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of large language models in multimodal analysis of radiolucent jaw lesions","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.100848","article-title":"Image-based diagnostic performance of LLMs vs CNNs for oral lichen planus","volume":"75","author":"Rewthamrongsris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06498-9","article-title":"Exploring GPT-4o's multimodal reasoning capabilities with panoramic radiograph: the role of prompt engineering","volume":"29","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2024.09.002","article-title":"Performance of large language models on the Korean Dental Licensing Examination: a comparative study","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00370-1","article-title":"The future landscape of large language models in medicine: applications, limitations, and opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Clusmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Med"}],"container-title":["International Dental Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020653926000626?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020653926000626?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:23:31Z","timestamp":1787847811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020653926000626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0020653926000626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-6539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-6539","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparative Performance of State-of-the-Art LLMs on the KDLE: A 2025 Benchmark Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Dental Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2026.109466","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of FDI World Dental Federation.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109466"}}