{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:01:25Z","timestamp":1785819685736,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infectious Diseases Now"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:51:25Z","timestamp":1764175885000},"page":"105205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Guidelines for Lyme borreliosis: post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Arias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3395-747X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"X.","family":"Gocko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Roblot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Hansmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2118-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Baux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Eldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-6898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Nguala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Gautier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3487-4721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Lemogne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5003-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Raffetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01810-6","article-title":"Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes","volume":"28","author":"Choutka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0010","first-page":"Doc03","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment in neurology - Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"18","author":"Rauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ger Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0015","article-title":"Prevalence of persistent symptoms after treatment for lyme borreliosis: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Ursinus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030782","article-title":"The role of viral infections in the onset of autoimmune diseases","volume":"15","author":"Sundaresan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101591","article-title":"Classification of patients referred under suspicion of tick-borne diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark","volume":"12","author":"Gynthersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104825","article-title":"Determinants of persistent symptoms after treatment for Lyme borreliosis: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"98","author":"Vrijmoeth","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030607","article-title":"Multidisciplinary management of suspected lyme borreliosis: Clinical features of 569 patients, and factors associated with recovery at 3 and 12 months, a prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Raffetin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0040","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [Internet]. 2018. Lyme disease [cited July 10, 2025] Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng95\/resources\/lyme-disease-pdf-1837756839877."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.05.006","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis and other tick-borne diseases. Guidelines from the French scientific societies","volume":"49","author":"Gocko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0050","unstructured":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge d'infectiologie et de microbiologie clinique [Internet]. 2016. Borr\u00e9liose de Lyme (infection \u00e0 Borrelia) [cited July 10, 2025]. Available from: http:\/\/organesdeconcertation.sante.belgique.be\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/guide-lyme_borreliose_fr_2016_16dec.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0055","first-page":"Doc14","article-title":"Cutaneous Lyme borreliosis: guideline of the German dermatology society","volume":"15","author":"Hofmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"German Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0060","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines","volume":"72","author":"Infectious Diseases Society of America","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0065","article-title":"Update of the Swiss guidelines on post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome","volume":"146","author":"Nemeth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0070","unstructured":"Haute Autorit\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 (HAS) [Internet]. 2023. Sympt\u00f4mes prolong\u00e9s \u00e0 la suite de la COVID - 19 : \u00e9tat des lieux des donn\u00e9es \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique. Analyse de la litt\u00e9rature [cited July 10, 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/upload\/docs\/application\/pdf\/2023-04\/reco445_analyse_litterature_epidemio_mel.pdf."},{"issue":"7568","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38933.585764.AE","article-title":"Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study","volume":"333","author":"Hickie","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520460115022","article-title":"The fatigue severity scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"46","author":"Krupp","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msom.2021.11.003","article-title":"Validation de la version fran\u00e7aise du sleep health index: l\u2019index sur la sant\u00e9 du sommeil","volume":"19","author":"V\u00e9zina-Im","year":"2022","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine du Sommeil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0095","unstructured":"HAS [Internet]. 2017. \u00c9pisode d\u00e9pressif caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 de l\u2019adulte : prise en charge en soins de premier recours [cited July 10, 2025].Available from: https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/upload\/docs\/application\/pdf\/2017-10\/depression_adulte_argumentaire_diagnostic.pdf."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00008","article-title":"SF-36 health survey update","volume":"25","author":"Ware","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07686-8","article-title":"Non-specific symptoms and post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome in patients with Lyme borreliosis: a prospective cohort study in Belgium (2016-2020)","volume":"22","author":"Geebelen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.11.014","article-title":"Ticking the right boxes: classification of patients suspected of Lyme borreliosis at an academic referral center in the Netherlands","volume":"21","author":"Coumou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infection"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2018.04.280","article-title":"Prise en charge multidisciplinaire des patients \u00absuspects\u00bb de borr\u00e9liose de Lyme: retour sur un an d\u2019exp\u00e9rience d\u2019un centre de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence","volume":"48","author":"Jacquet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.09.022","article-title":"Suspicion of Lyme borreliosis in patients referred to an infectious diseases clinic: what did the patients really have?","volume":"27","author":"Kortela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60318-6","article-title":"Irritable bowel, chronic widespread pain, chronic fatigue and related syndromes are prevalent and highly overlapping in the general population: DanFunD","volume":"10","author":"Petersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.06.006","article-title":"Neurobiology of fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain","volume":"338","author":"Sluka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1505425","article-title":"Randomized trial of longer-term therapy for symptoms attributed to lyme disease","volume":"374","author":"Berende","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1447","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007186","article-title":"Effect of prolonged antibiotic treatment on cognition in patients with Lyme borreliosis","volume":"92","author":"Berende","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000284604.61160.2d","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of repeated IV antibiotic therapy for Lyme encephalopathy","volume":"70","author":"Fallon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450202","article-title":"Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Klempner","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000071227.23769.9E","article-title":"Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD): a randomized double masked clinical trial","volume":"60","author":"Krupp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000068030.26992.25","article-title":"Cognitive function in post-treatment Lyme disease: do additional antibiotics help?","volume":"60","author":"Kaplan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0165","first-page":"489","article-title":"Severity of Lyme disease with persistent symptoms. Insights from a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"99","author":"Cameron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080972","article-title":"Methodological quality assessment with the agree ii scale and a comparison of european and american guidelines for the treatment of lyme borreliosis: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Nguala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higher dose corticosteroids in hospitalised COVID-19 patients requiring ventilatory support (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2025;81:103080. doi: 10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103080.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103080"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022926","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Horby","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10285):1637-45. doi: 10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00676-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00676-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081318","article-title":"Interventions for the management of long covid (post-covid condition): living systematic review","volume":"387","author":"Zeraatkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0195","unstructured":"HAS [Internet]. 2021. Sympt\u00f4mes prolong\u00e9s \u00e0 la suite d\u2019une Covid-19 de l\u2019adulte - Diagnostic et prise en charge. R\u00e9ponses rapides dans le cadre de la COVID-19 [cited July 10, 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/jcms\/p_3237041\/fr\/symptomes-prolonges-suite-a-une-covid-19-de-l-adulte-diagnostic-et-prise-en-charge."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0200","article-title":"Update of the Swiss guidelines on post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome","volume":"146","author":"Swiss Society For Infectious Diseases","year":"2016","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35991-y","article-title":"A safe and effective micro-choice based rehabilitation for patients with long COVID: results from a quasi-experimental study","volume":"13","author":"Frisk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad257","article-title":"Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy targeting severe fatigue following coronavirus disease 2019: results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Kuut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723002921","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with post-COVID-19 condition (CBT-PCC): a feasibility trial","volume":"54","author":"Huth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.50744","article-title":"Brief outpatient rehabilitation program for post-COVID-19 condition: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Nerli","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0225","first-page":"162","article-title":"Centres de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence des maladies vectorielles li\u00e9es aux tiques: activit\u00e9s et perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Patrat-Delon","year":"2023","journal-title":"M\u00e9d Mal Infect Formation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0230","unstructured":"HAS [Internet]. 2022. Guide du parcours de soins \u2013 Patients pr\u00e9sentant une suspicion de borr\u00e9liose de Lyme [cited July 10, 2025] Available from: https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/jcms\/p_3323862\/fr\/guide-du-parcours-de-soins-de-patients-presentant-une-suspicion-de-borreliose-de-lyme."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.04.009","article-title":"Human tick infestation pattern, tick-bite rate, and associated Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection risk during occupational tick exposure at the Seedorf military training area, northwestern Germany","volume":"5","author":"Faulde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.08.009","article-title":"A prospective study on the incidence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection after a tick bite in Sweden and on the \u00c5land Islands, Finland (2008-2009)","volume":"7","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases Now"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666991925001848?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666991925001848?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T13:13:18Z","timestamp":1768396398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666991925001848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666991925001848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-9919"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-9919","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Guidelines for Lyme borreliosis: post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Infectious Diseases Now","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idnow.2025.105205","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105205"}}