{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:46:30Z","timestamp":1790343990398,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian Heart Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T20:19:44Z","timestamp":1612988384000},"page":"244-248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Long-term oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in low and middle income countries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2815-4880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkatakrishnan","family":"Ramakumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2555-1266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander P.","family":"Benz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2073-2917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganesan","family":"Karthikeyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.03.048","article-title":"The global burden of atrial fibrillation and\u00a0Stroke: a systematic review of the clinical epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in Asia","volume":"152","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu352","article-title":"What is \u2019valvular\u2019 atrial fibrillation? A reappraisal","volume":"35","author":"De Caterina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050347","article-title":"Overestimation of stroke risk in rheumatic mitral stenosis and the implications for oral anticoagulation","volume":"142","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-318756","article-title":"Stroke-risk in rheumatic heart disease","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.12.016","article-title":"Age-and-sex stratified prevalence of atrial fibrillation in rural Western India: results of SMART-India, a population-based screening study","volume":"280","author":"Soni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603693","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatic heart disease","volume":"377","author":"Watkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu449","article-title":"Characteristics, complications, and gaps in evidence-based interventions in rheumatic heart disease: the Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (the REMEDY study)","volume":"36","author":"Zuhlke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025901","article-title":"Kerala Atrial Fibrillation Registry: a prospective observational study on clinical characteristics, treatment pattern and outcome of atrial fibrillation in Kerala, India, cohort profile","volume":"9","author":"Charantharayil Gopalan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9735","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60834-3","article-title":"Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study","volume":"376","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.07.026","article-title":"Age threshold for increased stroke risk among patients with atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study from taiwan","volume":"66","author":"Chao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.013880","article-title":"Validation of a modified CHA2DS2-VASc score for stroke risk stratification in asian patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"47","author":"Chao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5392","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5392.1209","article-title":"Systemic embolism and anticoagulant prophylaxis in rheumatic heart disease","volume":"1","author":"Szekely","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.28.10.973","article-title":"Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: the Framingham study","volume":"28","author":"Wolf","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-318756","article-title":"Stroke risk in rheumatic heart disease","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2020.03.018","article-title":"The INVICTUS rheumatic heart disease research program: rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a randomized trial of rivaroxaban compared to vitamin K antagonists in rheumatic valvular disease and atrial fibrillation","volume":"225","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu305","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes with rivaroxaban vs. warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation but underlying native mitral and aortic valve disease participating in the ROCKET AF trial","volume":"35","author":"Breithardt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014807","article-title":"Apixaban in comparison with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease: findings from the apixaban for reduction in stroke and other thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial","volume":"132","author":"Avezum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020950","article-title":"Comparison of dabigatran and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease: the RE-LY trial (randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy)","volume":"134","author":"Ezekowitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.12.031","article-title":"Valvular heart disease patients on edoxaban or warfarin in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial","volume":"69","author":"De Caterina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00001","article-title":"Predictors of systemic embolism in patients with mitral stenosis. A prospective study","volume":"128","author":"Chiang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005451","article-title":"Variations in cause and management of atrial fibrillation in a prospective registry of 15 400 emergency department patients in 46 countries","volume":"129","author":"Oldgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1201_18","article-title":"Quality of anticoagulation with warfarin in rural Chhattisgarh, India","volume":"152","author":"Chebrolu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.000067","article-title":"Impact of global geographic region on time in therapeutic range on warfarin anticoagulant therapy: data from the ROCKET AF clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Singer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2018.09.001","article-title":"Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry","volume":"70","author":"Sawhney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"issue":"7323","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7323.1218","article-title":"Differences between perspectives of physicians and patients on anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation: observational study","volume":"323","author":"Devereaux","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.11.020","article-title":"Secondary prevention of stroke with warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: subanalysis of the J-RHYTHM registry","volume":"25","author":"Kodani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-14-1057","article-title":"Target intensity of anticoagulation with warfarin in Japanese patients with valvular atrial fibrillation - subanalysis of the J-RHYTHM Registry","volume":"79","author":"Kodani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.68.29","article-title":"Effects of anticoagulation intensity on hemostatic markers in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"68","author":"Nozawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.01.098","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in the risk of intracranial hemorrhage among patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"50","author":"Shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2005.11.006","article-title":"Interethnic variability of warfarin maintenance requirement is explained by VKORC1 genotype in an Asian population","volume":"79","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.04.043","article-title":"Ethnic disparity in intracranial hemorrhage among anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: an answer in search of a question?","volume":"50","author":"Falk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310669","article-title":"A\u00a0pharmacogenetic versus a clinical algorithm for warfarin dosing","volume":"369","author":"Kimmel","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144511","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics-based versus conventional dosing of warfarin: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-66-0092","article-title":"Japanese cardiac society joint working group: guidelines for pharmacotherapy of atrial fibrillation (JCS 2013)","volume":"78","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"9508","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68139-7","article-title":"Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"367","author":"Heneghan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-018-0641-5","article-title":"Interventions and strategies to improve oral anticoagulant use in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of systematic reviews","volume":"38","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Drug Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32165-7","article-title":"A\u00a0multifaceted intervention to improve treatment with oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation (IMPACT-AF): an international, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"390","author":"Vinereanu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib38","series-title":"Hearts: Technical Package for Cardiovascular Disease Management in Primary Health Care","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"issue":"9921","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62343-0","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"383","author":"Ruff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005835","article-title":"Effects of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.047","article-title":"Outcomes of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with mitral stenosis","volume":"73","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx391","article-title":"ESC\/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"38","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib43","first-page":"266","article-title":"The cost of warfarin treatment for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in Mexico from a collective perspective","volume":"20","author":"Briere","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Econ"},{"issue":"9745","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61194-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalised ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial","volume":"376","author":"Wallentin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib45","first-page":"45","article-title":"The CHADS2 score for stroke risk stratification in atrial fibrillation--friend or foe?","volume":"104","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb Haemostasis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.958108","article-title":"Moving the tipping point: the decision to anticoagulate patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"4","author":"Eckman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation Cardiovascular quality and outcomes"}],"container-title":["Indian Heart Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0019483221000444?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0019483221000444?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T03:53:29Z","timestamp":1758081209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0019483221000444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0019483221000444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-4832"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-4832","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Long-term oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in low and middle income countries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Indian Heart Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.02.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Cardiological Society of India. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}